Maryville Patho exam 1 NURS 611 / NURS 611 /
Verified Questions & Correct Answers / Newest
2025/2026
Nucleus - (ANSWER)DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all genetic material.
Ribosomes - (ANSWER)Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - (ANSWER)Produces ATP. This structure generates ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell needs energy the
more it will need this. The heart would need more of this than the eyes, bones, or
skin.
Golgi apparatus - (ANSWER)Responsible for packaging and distribution. Processes
and packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and receiving center. Receives newly
synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER. Modified with sugar molecules for
their destination. Then sends them on their way.
Lysosome - (ANSWER)Degrades and recycles waste. Contains digestive enzymes.
Does this with hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome - (ANSWER)Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals.
Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they break things down
using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Digest and breakdown
organic molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
,Free Radical - (ANSWER)Any molecular species capable of independent existence
that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one unpaired
electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule becomes stabilized either by
donating or by accepting an electron from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - (ANSWER)Chemically reactive molecules from
molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial
respiration and energy generation.
Damage by free radicals/ROS - (ANSWER)When excessive ROSs overwhelm the
endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very large excess of
ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of ROS can cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty
acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? - (ANSWER)Lipids, proteins, and
polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - (ANSWER)To keep the ICF and ECF separate,
structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-cell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? - (ANSWER)The osmolality of
ICF and ECF tends to equalize and therefore provides a measure of body fluid
concentration and thus the body's hydration status.
What do proteins do for the cell? - (ANSWER)Proteins act as
,Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the
cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or
electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain
ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of
other ions, for example sodium (Na+), below concentrations found in the
extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates),
that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook together and
form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - (ANSWER)55% the cell
membrane is made up of protein
What is a protein? - (ANSWER)A protein is made from a chain of amino acids,
known as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each
type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. Proteins are the major
workhorses of the cell.
Tight Junctions - (ANSWER)Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't
allow things in -they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard
stool. Tight junctions are barriers to diffusion, preventing the movement of
substances through transport proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent
cells.
, Gap Junctions - (ANSWER)Allow for conductivity to synchronize contractions of
heart muscles through ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like
the heart and nerve cells. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels or
connexons that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of
one cell to the inside of another.
Desmosomes - (ANSWER)Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts
of epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces
to maintain structural integrity.
Oxidative phosphorylation - (ANSWER)AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis.
Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism in which energy is produced
from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this energy is transferred to ATP.
When 1 mole of glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of oxygen
into CO2 and water - 686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is
expressed as heat. Active transport. Kerbs cycle.
Main cation in ICF - (ANSWER)Potassium
Main cation in ECF - (ANSWER)Sodium
What charge is inside the cell? - (ANSWER)Negative
What charge is outside the cell? - (ANSWER)Positive
Verified Questions & Correct Answers / Newest
2025/2026
Nucleus - (ANSWER)DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all genetic material.
Ribosomes - (ANSWER)Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - (ANSWER)Produces ATP. This structure generates ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell needs energy the
more it will need this. The heart would need more of this than the eyes, bones, or
skin.
Golgi apparatus - (ANSWER)Responsible for packaging and distribution. Processes
and packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and receiving center. Receives newly
synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER. Modified with sugar molecules for
their destination. Then sends them on their way.
Lysosome - (ANSWER)Degrades and recycles waste. Contains digestive enzymes.
Does this with hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome - (ANSWER)Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals.
Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they break things down
using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). Digest and breakdown
organic molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
,Free Radical - (ANSWER)Any molecular species capable of independent existence
that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one unpaired
electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule becomes stabilized either by
donating or by accepting an electron from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - (ANSWER)Chemically reactive molecules from
molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial
respiration and energy generation.
Damage by free radicals/ROS - (ANSWER)When excessive ROSs overwhelm the
endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very large excess of
ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of ROS can cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty
acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? - (ANSWER)Lipids, proteins, and
polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - (ANSWER)To keep the ICF and ECF separate,
structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, and cell-to-cell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? - (ANSWER)The osmolality of
ICF and ECF tends to equalize and therefore provides a measure of body fluid
concentration and thus the body's hydration status.
What do proteins do for the cell? - (ANSWER)Proteins act as
,Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of the
cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or
electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain
ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations of
other ions, for example sodium (Na+), below concentrations found in the
extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates),
that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook together and
form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? - (ANSWER)55% the cell
membrane is made up of protein
What is a protein? - (ANSWER)A protein is made from a chain of amino acids,
known as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, and each
type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. Proteins are the major
workhorses of the cell.
Tight Junctions - (ANSWER)Impermeable. Help cells move together and don't
allow things in -they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard
stool. Tight junctions are barriers to diffusion, preventing the movement of
substances through transport proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent
cells.
, Gap Junctions - (ANSWER)Allow for conductivity to synchronize contractions of
heart muscles through ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like
the heart and nerve cells. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels or
connexons that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of
one cell to the inside of another.
Desmosomes - (ANSWER)Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts
of epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces
to maintain structural integrity.
Oxidative phosphorylation - (ANSWER)AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis.
Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism in which energy is produced
from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this energy is transferred to ATP.
When 1 mole of glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of oxygen
into CO2 and water - 686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is
expressed as heat. Active transport. Kerbs cycle.
Main cation in ICF - (ANSWER)Potassium
Main cation in ECF - (ANSWER)Sodium
What charge is inside the cell? - (ANSWER)Negative
What charge is outside the cell? - (ANSWER)Positive
