Micro Exam 6 Study Guide questions and answers (2025
2026 update) complete test (100% verified)
Define pathology, etiology, infection, and disease. - ✔✔ANS Pathology - the study of disease.
Etiology - the study of disease origins and causation.
Infection - Pathogen has evaded the immune system.
Disease - Change in health that interferes with normal body function.
What field of science is the study of diseases? - ✔✔ANS Pathology
Describe the normal microbiota, including resident and transient members. - ✔✔ANS Organisms tha
colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease - skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract, intestina
tract & urethra. (they are beneficial and help your body function normally) Also termed normal flora an
indigenous microbiota.
Resident microbiota:
Are a part of the normal microbiota throughout life,
Are mostly commensal.
Transient microbiota:
Remain in the body for short period,
Found in the same regions as resident microbiota,
Cannot persist in the body,
Competition from other microorganisms,
, Elimination by the body's defense cells,
Chemical or physical changes in the body.
Which areas of the body are generally considered sterile and free of microbes? - ✔✔ANS - Colonized area
of the body -
Lower respiratory tract
Internal organs and tissues
Upper urinary tract
Blood
Cerebral spinal fluid
Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease. - ✔✔ANS 1
Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in body.
2. Immune suppression.
3. Changes in the normal microbiota.
4. Changes in relative abundance may allow opportunity for a member to thrive and cause disease.
a. Candida albicans is a member of the normal microbiota of humans. Why does this yeast not normally caus
disease in humans? - ✔✔ANS It's a "normal flora", or healthy bacteria (it's antagonistic?)
b. Why is Staphylococcus aureus considered an opportunistic pathogen while Yersinia pestis is not?
✔✔ANS
What science is the study of diseases? - ✔✔ANS Pathology
What are two benefits gained by humans from their normal microbiota? - ✔✔ANS Normal microbiota compet
with bad microbiota for resources to try and keep them balanced. Nutritional (digestion and vitamins
Behavior, Antagonistic
How can a disruption of the normal microbiota lead to an opportunistic infection? - ✔✔ANS The imbalanc
can cause them to reach a quorum causing disease.
2026 update) complete test (100% verified)
Define pathology, etiology, infection, and disease. - ✔✔ANS Pathology - the study of disease.
Etiology - the study of disease origins and causation.
Infection - Pathogen has evaded the immune system.
Disease - Change in health that interferes with normal body function.
What field of science is the study of diseases? - ✔✔ANS Pathology
Describe the normal microbiota, including resident and transient members. - ✔✔ANS Organisms tha
colonize the body's surfaces without normally causing disease - skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract, intestina
tract & urethra. (they are beneficial and help your body function normally) Also termed normal flora an
indigenous microbiota.
Resident microbiota:
Are a part of the normal microbiota throughout life,
Are mostly commensal.
Transient microbiota:
Remain in the body for short period,
Found in the same regions as resident microbiota,
Cannot persist in the body,
Competition from other microorganisms,
, Elimination by the body's defense cells,
Chemical or physical changes in the body.
Which areas of the body are generally considered sterile and free of microbes? - ✔✔ANS - Colonized area
of the body -
Lower respiratory tract
Internal organs and tissues
Upper urinary tract
Blood
Cerebral spinal fluid
Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease. - ✔✔ANS 1
Introduction of normal microbiota into unusual site in body.
2. Immune suppression.
3. Changes in the normal microbiota.
4. Changes in relative abundance may allow opportunity for a member to thrive and cause disease.
a. Candida albicans is a member of the normal microbiota of humans. Why does this yeast not normally caus
disease in humans? - ✔✔ANS It's a "normal flora", or healthy bacteria (it's antagonistic?)
b. Why is Staphylococcus aureus considered an opportunistic pathogen while Yersinia pestis is not?
✔✔ANS
What science is the study of diseases? - ✔✔ANS Pathology
What are two benefits gained by humans from their normal microbiota? - ✔✔ANS Normal microbiota compet
with bad microbiota for resources to try and keep them balanced. Nutritional (digestion and vitamins
Behavior, Antagonistic
How can a disruption of the normal microbiota lead to an opportunistic infection? - ✔✔ANS The imbalanc
can cause them to reach a quorum causing disease.
