Micro Exam (1,2,3,4 & 5 Study Guide questions and
answers (2025-2026 update) complete tests (all 100%
verified)
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.EXAM 1………………………………1-10
2.EXAM2………………………………11-20
3.EXAM 3………………………………21-27
4.EXAM 4……………………………...28-39
5.EXAM 5……………………………...40-53
EXAM 1
Lipid A is one of the 3 components of this molecule, found in the oute
membrane of Gram negative bacteria. - ✔✔ANS lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
lipid A: endotoxin: toxic to human
Which bacterial structure did the instructor describe an "invisibility cloak
worn by certain types of bacteria? - ✔✔ANS Glycocalyces has a capsule which
,protects the bacterium from the human immune system by hiding (cloaking) i
like sugar. The name Gylcocalyces mean "sweet cup"
Correct this Latin binomial so it has the correct form: bordetella Bronchiseptica
- ✔✔ANS Bordetella bronchiseptic
First letter capital
writing: underline each word
typing : italicize each word
Where are the genes located in a bacterium? - ✔✔ANS The genes are located in
the nucleiod
Which scientist's experimental steps are still used today to establish causation
between a microbe and a disease? - ✔✔ANS Robert Koch
Why are endospores used to measure the effectiveness of autoclave
sterilization? - ✔✔ANS because these are killed only via sterilization, if the no
dead then the autoclave must not be working.
Which group of organisms discussed in lecture is most susceptible to th
effects of 70% alcohol rubs? - ✔✔ANS bacteria
Do bacteria use fimbriae for movement? - ✔✔ANS no, they use flagella fo
movement.
**fimbria for adherance (sticky)
What is the energy source when E.coli uses group translocation to transpor
glucose into its cytoplasm? - ✔✔ANS PEP (phospoenol pyruvate) group
transport
,Why is a tick not considered a microbe? - ✔✔ANS They are not considered a
microbe because if you can see it easy is NOT a microbe
Which kind of glycocalyx is loosely bound to the cell wall? - ✔✔ANS slime laye
Which type of membrane transport involves ATP, active or passive? - ✔✔AN
Active Transport : diffusion agains a diffusional gradient
The proton motive force relies on the production of a gradient of what ion?
✔✔ANS H+ (hydrogen ion) ,PMF, protein
Which type of microbe discussed in lecture is composed of only protein and
nucleic acid? - ✔✔ANS Virus
Which protein of the flagellum controls the direction of rotation? - ✔✔ANS F
protein
Which bacterial structure contains flagellin? - ✔✔ANS filament
Do gram positive cell walls contain lipopolysaccharide? - ✔✔ANS No
What is the size of the components of the bacterial ribosome? - ✔✔AN
***Prokaryotic:(ODD) 30s+50s= 70s
{ Eukaryotic:(EVEN) 40s+60s=80s } extra info
What are cells that lack a nucleus called? - ✔✔ANS prokaryotic
Are there any photosynthetic fungi? - ✔✔ANS no, it doesn't carry ou
photosynthesis
, What is the correct order of Koch's postulates? - ✔✔ANS 1. Isolate microbe
causing the disease (pure culture)
2. Grow the suspected pathogen in the lab
3.Demonstrate the disease in a healthy host
4.Re-isolate the suspected pathogen from the new host
Do gram negative cell walls contain teichoic acids? - ✔✔ANS no (LPS)
How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion? - ✔✔ANS simpl
diffusion: through phospholipid bilayer
facilitated diffusion: through nonspecific channel proteins (integral protein)
What is the most difficult microbe to disinfect? - ✔✔ANS prions
How many protons are required to rotate the flagellum once? - ✔✔ANS 1000 H+
Which kind of transport moves molecules from lesser to greater concentration
(against the gradient)? - ✔✔ANS active transport
Can viruses reproduce without first infecting a cell? - ✔✔ANS no, a virus need
a living cell to reproduce
Which kind of taxis involves bacteria moving toward or away from a ligh
source? - ✔✔ANS phototaxis
Write the full names of the two components of peptidoglycan that are often
abbreviated NAG and NAM. - ✔✔ANS N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
answers (2025-2026 update) complete tests (all 100%
verified)
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.EXAM 1………………………………1-10
2.EXAM2………………………………11-20
3.EXAM 3………………………………21-27
4.EXAM 4……………………………...28-39
5.EXAM 5……………………………...40-53
EXAM 1
Lipid A is one of the 3 components of this molecule, found in the oute
membrane of Gram negative bacteria. - ✔✔ANS lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
lipid A: endotoxin: toxic to human
Which bacterial structure did the instructor describe an "invisibility cloak
worn by certain types of bacteria? - ✔✔ANS Glycocalyces has a capsule which
,protects the bacterium from the human immune system by hiding (cloaking) i
like sugar. The name Gylcocalyces mean "sweet cup"
Correct this Latin binomial so it has the correct form: bordetella Bronchiseptica
- ✔✔ANS Bordetella bronchiseptic
First letter capital
writing: underline each word
typing : italicize each word
Where are the genes located in a bacterium? - ✔✔ANS The genes are located in
the nucleiod
Which scientist's experimental steps are still used today to establish causation
between a microbe and a disease? - ✔✔ANS Robert Koch
Why are endospores used to measure the effectiveness of autoclave
sterilization? - ✔✔ANS because these are killed only via sterilization, if the no
dead then the autoclave must not be working.
Which group of organisms discussed in lecture is most susceptible to th
effects of 70% alcohol rubs? - ✔✔ANS bacteria
Do bacteria use fimbriae for movement? - ✔✔ANS no, they use flagella fo
movement.
**fimbria for adherance (sticky)
What is the energy source when E.coli uses group translocation to transpor
glucose into its cytoplasm? - ✔✔ANS PEP (phospoenol pyruvate) group
transport
,Why is a tick not considered a microbe? - ✔✔ANS They are not considered a
microbe because if you can see it easy is NOT a microbe
Which kind of glycocalyx is loosely bound to the cell wall? - ✔✔ANS slime laye
Which type of membrane transport involves ATP, active or passive? - ✔✔AN
Active Transport : diffusion agains a diffusional gradient
The proton motive force relies on the production of a gradient of what ion?
✔✔ANS H+ (hydrogen ion) ,PMF, protein
Which type of microbe discussed in lecture is composed of only protein and
nucleic acid? - ✔✔ANS Virus
Which protein of the flagellum controls the direction of rotation? - ✔✔ANS F
protein
Which bacterial structure contains flagellin? - ✔✔ANS filament
Do gram positive cell walls contain lipopolysaccharide? - ✔✔ANS No
What is the size of the components of the bacterial ribosome? - ✔✔AN
***Prokaryotic:(ODD) 30s+50s= 70s
{ Eukaryotic:(EVEN) 40s+60s=80s } extra info
What are cells that lack a nucleus called? - ✔✔ANS prokaryotic
Are there any photosynthetic fungi? - ✔✔ANS no, it doesn't carry ou
photosynthesis
, What is the correct order of Koch's postulates? - ✔✔ANS 1. Isolate microbe
causing the disease (pure culture)
2. Grow the suspected pathogen in the lab
3.Demonstrate the disease in a healthy host
4.Re-isolate the suspected pathogen from the new host
Do gram negative cell walls contain teichoic acids? - ✔✔ANS no (LPS)
How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated diffusion? - ✔✔ANS simpl
diffusion: through phospholipid bilayer
facilitated diffusion: through nonspecific channel proteins (integral protein)
What is the most difficult microbe to disinfect? - ✔✔ANS prions
How many protons are required to rotate the flagellum once? - ✔✔ANS 1000 H+
Which kind of transport moves molecules from lesser to greater concentration
(against the gradient)? - ✔✔ANS active transport
Can viruses reproduce without first infecting a cell? - ✔✔ANS no, a virus need
a living cell to reproduce
Which kind of taxis involves bacteria moving toward or away from a ligh
source? - ✔✔ANS phototaxis
Write the full names of the two components of peptidoglycan that are often
abbreviated NAG and NAM. - ✔✔ANS N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
