TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
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19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy O
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wen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
0 0 0 0
Complete Chapters 1- 0 0
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Included|
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A+ PASS GUARANTEED
0 0
, Chapter 01 0
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the c
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The instr
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
uctional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was shown to
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
be correct.
0
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how se
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He challeng
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ed groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
0 0 0 0 0 0
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously ex
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
posed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccine
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential bi
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
oterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As p
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
opulations continued to grow over time, an ever- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the dise
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ase.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising incide
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
nce of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of autism
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of au
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antibioti
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a preven
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how wo
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
uld you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protec
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the d
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
evelopment of B cells. 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as th
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ey evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host antige
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ns.
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via cir
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
culation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surveillan
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ce of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is constantly
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
0 0 0 0
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Innate Immunity 0
Adaptive Immunity 0
0 Is mediated by what cells?
0 0 0 0
What do they recognize? 0 0 0
How are the receptors encoded?
0 0 0 0
Why can't they control all infections alone? What
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 do they do in response to antigen?
0 0 0 0 0 0
, CORRECT ANSWER: 0
Innate Immunity 0
Adaptive 0
Immunity
Macrophages, NK cel 0 0
Is mediated by
0 0 0 T cells and B
0 0 0 0
ls, neutrophils, mast c
0 0 0
what cells? 0 cells
ells eosinophils 0
What do they 0 0 0 Pathogen patterns 0
Specific
recognize? 0
epitope
s
How are the 0 0
Rearranged
receptors Germ line 0
gene segments 0
encoded?
Why can't they c 0 0 0
Pathogens evolve e 0 0 Takes too long t 0 0 0
ontrol all infectio 0 0
scape mechanisms 0 o develop 0
ns alone? 0
What do they do i 0 0 0 0 Produce antibo 0
Engulf and destroy, 0 0 0
n response to ant
0 0 0 dies, kill infect 0 0
induce inflammation 0
igen? ed cells 0
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone e
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
xperiencing an inflammatory response. 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have loca
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood pressure if
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0more severe. 0
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be i
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mmune from future bites of the same species?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- 0 0 0 0
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate long-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lived memory cells.
0 0
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited. Th
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy O
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
wen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
0 0 0 0
Complete Chapters 1- 0 0
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Included|
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A+ PASS GUARANTEED
0 0
, Chapter 01 0
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two differ?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen, the c
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor). The instr
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
uctional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory was shown to
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
be correct.
0
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain how se
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
rendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He challeng
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ed groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
0 0 0 0 0 0
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previously ex
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
posed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens as vaccine
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
s.
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potential bi
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
oterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. As p
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
opulations continued to grow over time, an ever- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the dise
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ase.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising incide
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
nce of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate of autism
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases of au
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued use of
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antibioti
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
c treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a preven
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I need
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunology, how wo
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
uld you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common forms
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which they protec
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are closely-related.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during the d
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
evelopment of B cells. 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens as th
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ey evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target host antige
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ns.
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body via cir
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
culation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surveillan
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ce of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is constantly
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
0 0 0 0
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Innate Immunity 0
Adaptive Immunity 0
0 Is mediated by what cells?
0 0 0 0
What do they recognize? 0 0 0
How are the receptors encoded?
0 0 0 0
Why can't they control all infections alone? What
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 do they do in response to antigen?
0 0 0 0 0 0
, CORRECT ANSWER: 0
Innate Immunity 0
Adaptive 0
Immunity
Macrophages, NK cel 0 0
Is mediated by
0 0 0 T cells and B
0 0 0 0
ls, neutrophils, mast c
0 0 0
what cells? 0 cells
ells eosinophils 0
What do they 0 0 0 Pathogen patterns 0
Specific
recognize? 0
epitope
s
How are the 0 0
Rearranged
receptors Germ line 0
gene segments 0
encoded?
Why can't they c 0 0 0
Pathogens evolve e 0 0 Takes too long t 0 0 0
ontrol all infectio 0 0
scape mechanisms 0 o develop 0
ns alone? 0
What do they do i 0 0 0 0 Produce antibo 0
Engulf and destroy, 0 0 0
n response to ant
0 0 0 dies, kill infect 0 0
induce inflammation 0
igen? ed cells 0
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someone e
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
xperiencing an inflammatory response. 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have loca
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood pressure if
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0more severe. 0
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient be i
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
mmune from future bites of the same species?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- 0 0 0 0
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate long-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lived memory cells.
0 0
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherited. Th
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e DNA that encodes for a mature B-cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
