NR507- ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL FINE-
TUNED EXAM WITH VALIDATED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
2025/2026
Acute renal failure - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is
a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - End-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
, Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-
waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication
for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is kidney damage with mild
decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as
well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of
50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
Hiatal Hernia - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Often asymptomatic
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL FINE-
TUNED EXAM WITH VALIDATED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
2025/2026
Acute renal failure - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Diagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is
a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - End-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than
symptoms.
, Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-
waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication
for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is kidney damage with mild
decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as
well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
GERD - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of
50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
Hiatal Hernia - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Often asymptomatic
