ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY NSG 533 TEST PAPER
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔define transcellular fluid - ✔✔component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
contained within epithelial-lined cavities of the body
✔✔isotonic alterations - ✔✔aka fluid volume deficit; Total body water change with
proportional electrolyte and water change (most common)
✔✔what does isotonic fluid loss cause? - ✔✔dehydration and hypovolemia
✔✔s/s isotonic fluid loss - ✔✔- rapid HR
- normal or dec BP
✔✔isotonic fluid excess - ✔✔aka hypervolemia; caused by excessive administration of
IV fluids
✔✔define hypovolemic hypernatremia - ✔✔loss of total body water with loss of total
body sodium (but ECF sodium increases)
causes: loop diuretics, hyperglycemia, GI losses
✔✔define euvolemic hypernatremia - ✔✔loss of water with normal sodium
concentration (most common)
causes: inadequate water intake, excessive sweating, burns
✔✔define hypervolemic hypernatremia - ✔✔increased TBW and a greater increase in
total body sodium (rare)
causes: infusion of hypertonic saline solutions; over-secretion of aldosterone; near salt-
water drowning
✔✔s/s isotonic fluid excess - ✔✔- distended neck veins
- elevated BP
- edema
✔✔s/s hypernatremia (Na >145 mEq/L) - ✔✔muscle twitching, weakness, hyperactive
reflexes
✔✔treatment for hypernatremia - ✔✔- oral fluids or isotonic solutions
- give slowly to prevent cerebral edema
- diuretics to enhance sodium excretion
, ✔✔define hypovolemic hyponatremia - ✔✔loss of total body fluid with a greater loss of
total body sodium
causes: prolonged vomiting/diarrhea, inadequate secretion of aldosterone
✔✔define euvolemic hyponatremia - ✔✔loss of sodium without significant loss of water
causes: SIADH, hypothyroidism
✔✔define dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia - ✔✔aka water intoxication
✔✔define hypervolemic hyponatremia - ✔✔both TBW and sodium are increased, but
TBW is more
causes: CHF, cirrhosis of liver, nephrotic syndrome
✔✔treatment for hyponatremia (Na < 135mEq/L) - ✔✔fluid restriction
✔✔causes of hyperkalemia - ✔✔
✔✔s/s hyperkalemia (K> 5.0 mEq/L) - ✔✔- bradycardia
- muscle weakness
- anxiety
- peaked T waves
- oliguria
✔✔treatment for hyperkalemia - ✔✔- Kayexalate
- glucose to stimulate insulin secretion (pushes K back to ICF)
- dialysis
✔✔causes of hypokalemia - ✔✔mostly GI and renal
- GI (diarrhea/vomiting)
- renal (diuretic use, low plasma Mg, excessive aldosterone secretion)
✔✔s/s hypokalemia (K < 3.5mEq/L) - ✔✔- lethargy
- n/v
- Flat T wave
✔✔treatment for hypokalemia - ✔✔Potassium replacement 40-80mEq/day if renal
function normal
✔✔causes of hypercalcemia - ✔✔CHED
Calcium ingestion, Hyperparathyroid, excess Vitamin D
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔define transcellular fluid - ✔✔component of extracellular fluid that is the fluid
contained within epithelial-lined cavities of the body
✔✔isotonic alterations - ✔✔aka fluid volume deficit; Total body water change with
proportional electrolyte and water change (most common)
✔✔what does isotonic fluid loss cause? - ✔✔dehydration and hypovolemia
✔✔s/s isotonic fluid loss - ✔✔- rapid HR
- normal or dec BP
✔✔isotonic fluid excess - ✔✔aka hypervolemia; caused by excessive administration of
IV fluids
✔✔define hypovolemic hypernatremia - ✔✔loss of total body water with loss of total
body sodium (but ECF sodium increases)
causes: loop diuretics, hyperglycemia, GI losses
✔✔define euvolemic hypernatremia - ✔✔loss of water with normal sodium
concentration (most common)
causes: inadequate water intake, excessive sweating, burns
✔✔define hypervolemic hypernatremia - ✔✔increased TBW and a greater increase in
total body sodium (rare)
causes: infusion of hypertonic saline solutions; over-secretion of aldosterone; near salt-
water drowning
✔✔s/s isotonic fluid excess - ✔✔- distended neck veins
- elevated BP
- edema
✔✔s/s hypernatremia (Na >145 mEq/L) - ✔✔muscle twitching, weakness, hyperactive
reflexes
✔✔treatment for hypernatremia - ✔✔- oral fluids or isotonic solutions
- give slowly to prevent cerebral edema
- diuretics to enhance sodium excretion
, ✔✔define hypovolemic hyponatremia - ✔✔loss of total body fluid with a greater loss of
total body sodium
causes: prolonged vomiting/diarrhea, inadequate secretion of aldosterone
✔✔define euvolemic hyponatremia - ✔✔loss of sodium without significant loss of water
causes: SIADH, hypothyroidism
✔✔define dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia - ✔✔aka water intoxication
✔✔define hypervolemic hyponatremia - ✔✔both TBW and sodium are increased, but
TBW is more
causes: CHF, cirrhosis of liver, nephrotic syndrome
✔✔treatment for hyponatremia (Na < 135mEq/L) - ✔✔fluid restriction
✔✔causes of hyperkalemia - ✔✔
✔✔s/s hyperkalemia (K> 5.0 mEq/L) - ✔✔- bradycardia
- muscle weakness
- anxiety
- peaked T waves
- oliguria
✔✔treatment for hyperkalemia - ✔✔- Kayexalate
- glucose to stimulate insulin secretion (pushes K back to ICF)
- dialysis
✔✔causes of hypokalemia - ✔✔mostly GI and renal
- GI (diarrhea/vomiting)
- renal (diuretic use, low plasma Mg, excessive aldosterone secretion)
✔✔s/s hypokalemia (K < 3.5mEq/L) - ✔✔- lethargy
- n/v
- Flat T wave
✔✔treatment for hypokalemia - ✔✔Potassium replacement 40-80mEq/day if renal
function normal
✔✔causes of hypercalcemia - ✔✔CHED
Calcium ingestion, Hyperparathyroid, excess Vitamin D
