CISSN STUDYGUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED
ANSWERS LATEST|2025| ALREADY GRADED A+
1. What is the glucose-alanine cycle? What is the Cori-cycle? - ANSWER a. Glucose-alanine cycle:
During exercise, pyruvate is formed from the breakdown of glyocgen and glucose. Within the muscle,
BCAAs donate their amino group to pyruvate to form alanine. Alanine is transported to the liver where it
is used to regenerate glucose. Glucose can then be transported back to skeletal muscle to be used for
energy. Thus, BCAAS (especially leucine) help reform glucose during fasting and prolonged exercise
b. Cori-Cycle
The metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the
liver and is converted to pyruvate and then to glucose via gluconeogenesis, which then returns to the
muscles and is converted back to lactate
2. Why is fat considered the ideal cellular fuel? - ANSWER It produces a far superior amount of energy
when oxidized vs carbs or protein
3. What are the essential amino acids? What are some conditionally essential amino acids - ANSWER a.
Essential Amino Acids are AA that can not be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in our diet
*are BCAA
i. Histidine
ii. Isoleucine*
iii. Leucine*
iv. Lysine
v. Methionine
vi. Phenylalanine
vii. Threonine
viii. Tryptophan
ix. Valine*
THREe TRYs of METH IS a HIt, Let Lewis Pay VALet
,b. Conditionally Essential Amino Acids (under stressful conditions such as exercise)
i. Arginine
ii. Cysteine
iii. Glutamine
iv. Glycine
v. Proline
vi. Tyrosine
4. What is the process of glycogen synthesis called? - ANSWER Glycogenesis
5. What is the main function of a carbohydrate - ANSWER Energy source
6. Compare and Contrast creatine monohydrate and creatine ethyl ester - ANSWER when compared to
creatine monohydrate, creatine ethyl ester was not as effective at increasing serum and muscle creatine
levels or in improving body composition, muscle mass, strength, and power.
Therefore, the improvements in these variables can most likely be attributed to the training protocol
itself, rather than the supplementation regimen.
7. What is the primary fuel source for high-jump? 1500 meter run? Marathon - ANSWER a. High Jump:
ATP/Creatine Phosphate, CHO
b. 1500 Meter Run: Glycogen, some Fat Oxidation
c. Marathon: Fat Oxidation
8. Know the equivalent kcal values 1g CHO, lipid, protein - ANSWER a. CHO= 4kcal/g
b. Lipid=9kcal/g
c. Protein= 4kcal/g
,9. What is beta-alanine and what does it doe when ingested during intense training? - ANSWER a. Beta-
alanine is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of carnosine. In other words, the amount of
carnosine your body produces is directly dependent on the amount of beta-alanine available. Without
sufficient beta-alanine, carnosine synthesis is limited.
b. Supplementation with beta-alanine appears to have the ability to augment performance and stimulate
lean mass accrual in a short amount of time (8 weeks) in previously trained athletes. β-alanine may
magnify the expected performance outcomes of training programs with different metabolic demands.
10. What are the effects of creatine supplementation? - ANSWER a. Creatine monohydrate is the most
effective ergogenic nutritional supplement currently available to athletes in terms of increasing high-
intensity exercise capacity and lean body mass during training.
b. Creatine monohydrate supplementation is not only safe, but possibly beneficial in regard to
preventing injury and/or management of select medical conditions when taken within recommended
guidelines.
11. What is the SI unit for Energy? - ANSWER a. The Joule
b. 1 kcal=4.2kjoule
12 What is sweat and where does it come from - ANSWER the production of a fluid consisting primarily
of water as well as various dissolved solids (chiefly chlorides), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the
skin of mammals. Sweat contains the chemicals and small amounts of urea.
13. Which activities or sports use aerobic energy as the main energy system? - ANSWER Long duration,
low relative intensity events
i. Cycling, long distance running, long distance rowing
14. What is protein and what is it used for in the body? - ANSWER a. Protein is one of the three
macronutrients, an amino acid, and a source of fuel
b. Vital to health
i. Component of DNA, RNA, insulin, hemoglobin, epinephrine, and serotonin
, ii. Enzymes, A/B balance, transportation, Antibodies
15. What are skeletal muscle satellite cells? What are their functions? - ANSWER a. Satellite cells of
skeletal muscle are quiescent, myogenic stem cells located outside the myofiber sarcolemma but within
its basement membrane. Greater in oxidative muscles
b. Repair myofiber damage and regenerate necrotic myofibers.
c. Fiber damage induces satellite cell activation by various mitogens.
d. Also activate during fiber-type transformation
16. Describe the effects of aerobic exercise on resting and exercise HR, Q, and SV. What are the effects
on cardiac muscle? - ANSWER a. Resting HR: decreases
b. Exercise HR: no change
c. Q?
d. SV: increased
e. Effects on cardiac muscle: increase
17. Describe the difference between glycemic load and glycemic index? - ANSWER a. Glycemic index is a
ranking system that is used to compare the acute glycemic impact of foods. 2-hour glucose response
curve is compared with 50g of CHO of reference food
b. Glycemic load is the product of the glycemic index and the CHO content in a serving, represents both
quality and quantity of CHO
18. Which A.A. is considered to be the most naturally abundant in plasma and skeletal muscle? -
ANSWER Glutamine
i. Catabolic states of injury and illness, glutamine becomes conditionally-essential (requiring intake from
food or supplements). Glutamine has been studied extensively over the past 10-15 years and has been
ANSWERS LATEST|2025| ALREADY GRADED A+
1. What is the glucose-alanine cycle? What is the Cori-cycle? - ANSWER a. Glucose-alanine cycle:
During exercise, pyruvate is formed from the breakdown of glyocgen and glucose. Within the muscle,
BCAAs donate their amino group to pyruvate to form alanine. Alanine is transported to the liver where it
is used to regenerate glucose. Glucose can then be transported back to skeletal muscle to be used for
energy. Thus, BCAAS (especially leucine) help reform glucose during fasting and prolonged exercise
b. Cori-Cycle
The metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the
liver and is converted to pyruvate and then to glucose via gluconeogenesis, which then returns to the
muscles and is converted back to lactate
2. Why is fat considered the ideal cellular fuel? - ANSWER It produces a far superior amount of energy
when oxidized vs carbs or protein
3. What are the essential amino acids? What are some conditionally essential amino acids - ANSWER a.
Essential Amino Acids are AA that can not be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in our diet
*are BCAA
i. Histidine
ii. Isoleucine*
iii. Leucine*
iv. Lysine
v. Methionine
vi. Phenylalanine
vii. Threonine
viii. Tryptophan
ix. Valine*
THREe TRYs of METH IS a HIt, Let Lewis Pay VALet
,b. Conditionally Essential Amino Acids (under stressful conditions such as exercise)
i. Arginine
ii. Cysteine
iii. Glutamine
iv. Glycine
v. Proline
vi. Tyrosine
4. What is the process of glycogen synthesis called? - ANSWER Glycogenesis
5. What is the main function of a carbohydrate - ANSWER Energy source
6. Compare and Contrast creatine monohydrate and creatine ethyl ester - ANSWER when compared to
creatine monohydrate, creatine ethyl ester was not as effective at increasing serum and muscle creatine
levels or in improving body composition, muscle mass, strength, and power.
Therefore, the improvements in these variables can most likely be attributed to the training protocol
itself, rather than the supplementation regimen.
7. What is the primary fuel source for high-jump? 1500 meter run? Marathon - ANSWER a. High Jump:
ATP/Creatine Phosphate, CHO
b. 1500 Meter Run: Glycogen, some Fat Oxidation
c. Marathon: Fat Oxidation
8. Know the equivalent kcal values 1g CHO, lipid, protein - ANSWER a. CHO= 4kcal/g
b. Lipid=9kcal/g
c. Protein= 4kcal/g
,9. What is beta-alanine and what does it doe when ingested during intense training? - ANSWER a. Beta-
alanine is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of carnosine. In other words, the amount of
carnosine your body produces is directly dependent on the amount of beta-alanine available. Without
sufficient beta-alanine, carnosine synthesis is limited.
b. Supplementation with beta-alanine appears to have the ability to augment performance and stimulate
lean mass accrual in a short amount of time (8 weeks) in previously trained athletes. β-alanine may
magnify the expected performance outcomes of training programs with different metabolic demands.
10. What are the effects of creatine supplementation? - ANSWER a. Creatine monohydrate is the most
effective ergogenic nutritional supplement currently available to athletes in terms of increasing high-
intensity exercise capacity and lean body mass during training.
b. Creatine monohydrate supplementation is not only safe, but possibly beneficial in regard to
preventing injury and/or management of select medical conditions when taken within recommended
guidelines.
11. What is the SI unit for Energy? - ANSWER a. The Joule
b. 1 kcal=4.2kjoule
12 What is sweat and where does it come from - ANSWER the production of a fluid consisting primarily
of water as well as various dissolved solids (chiefly chlorides), that is excreted by the sweat glands in the
skin of mammals. Sweat contains the chemicals and small amounts of urea.
13. Which activities or sports use aerobic energy as the main energy system? - ANSWER Long duration,
low relative intensity events
i. Cycling, long distance running, long distance rowing
14. What is protein and what is it used for in the body? - ANSWER a. Protein is one of the three
macronutrients, an amino acid, and a source of fuel
b. Vital to health
i. Component of DNA, RNA, insulin, hemoglobin, epinephrine, and serotonin
, ii. Enzymes, A/B balance, transportation, Antibodies
15. What are skeletal muscle satellite cells? What are their functions? - ANSWER a. Satellite cells of
skeletal muscle are quiescent, myogenic stem cells located outside the myofiber sarcolemma but within
its basement membrane. Greater in oxidative muscles
b. Repair myofiber damage and regenerate necrotic myofibers.
c. Fiber damage induces satellite cell activation by various mitogens.
d. Also activate during fiber-type transformation
16. Describe the effects of aerobic exercise on resting and exercise HR, Q, and SV. What are the effects
on cardiac muscle? - ANSWER a. Resting HR: decreases
b. Exercise HR: no change
c. Q?
d. SV: increased
e. Effects on cardiac muscle: increase
17. Describe the difference between glycemic load and glycemic index? - ANSWER a. Glycemic index is a
ranking system that is used to compare the acute glycemic impact of foods. 2-hour glucose response
curve is compared with 50g of CHO of reference food
b. Glycemic load is the product of the glycemic index and the CHO content in a serving, represents both
quality and quantity of CHO
18. Which A.A. is considered to be the most naturally abundant in plasma and skeletal muscle? -
ANSWER Glutamine
i. Catabolic states of injury and illness, glutamine becomes conditionally-essential (requiring intake from
food or supplements). Glutamine has been studied extensively over the past 10-15 years and has been
