NURS 2003 Pathophysiology - Infection Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
what are 4 routes of entry that microorganisms can take to cause disease - Answers1. through the skin
2. through the GI tract
3. through the lungs (inhalation)
4. through the urinary system
the skin has a __________ epidermis - Answerskeratinized, providing protection from microorganisms
what are 3 substances on the skin that protect us from microorganisms - Answers1. defensins
2. cathelicidins
3. fatty acids
what are cathelicidins - Answersthey are antimicrobial peptides
of the GI tract, stomach ___________ protect us from infection - Answersacids
what 6 things of the GI tract protect us from infection - Answers1. mucus layer
2. defensins
3. pancreatic enzymes
4. peristalsis
5. IgA
6. normal flora
what 2 things must occur for GI infections to happen - Answers1. defenses must be weakened (ex:
candida)
2. pathogens must evade local defenses (ex: noravirus)
accidentally ingesting ____________ material in your food can cause infection - Answersfecal
microorganisms enter the respiratory tract via what - Answersinhalation
infections/disease occur in the respiratory tract when __________ are impaired - Answersdefenses. for
example, there could be impaired cilia in cystic fibrosis
what do microorganisms attach to/enter when they are inhaled into the lungs - Answersepithelial cells
(example of this happening is influenza)
, damage to the endothelium of the respiratory tract and entry by _______________ would cause
pneumonias - Answerssuperbugs
when the microorganisms inhaled into the respiratory tract have resistance to being killed by
phagocytosis, what is this called - Answersmycobacterium tuberculosis
what is micturition - Answerspissin
women have a _____ risk of UTI - Answers10x
bacteria such as _________ enter the urogenital tract into the bladder, causing infection - AnswersE. coli
what is lactobacilli - Answersany of a group of rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacteria of
the family lactobacillaceae
where are lactobacilli found - Answersthe digestive tract including the oral cavity, and the female genital
tract
what do lactobacilli ferment - Answersthey ferment glucose into lactic acid
when lactobacilli ferments glucose to lactic acid, pH in the urogenital tract ______________ -
Answersdecreases
antibiotics kill bacilli to stop what - Answersthe overgrowth of yeast
how do microorganisms cause disease - Answersthey damage the host
what is communicability of bacteria - Answersit is the ability to spread from one individual to others
what is infectivity of bacteria - Answersit is the ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host
what is virulence of bacteria - Answersit is the capacity of the pathogen to cause severe disease
what is the pathogenicity of bacteria - Answersit is the ability of an agent to produce disease (depends
on commutability, infectivity, extent of tissue damage and virulence)
what is the portal of entry of bacteria - Answersit is the route by which a microorganism enters the host
what is the toxigenicity of bacteria - Answersit is the ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins
when bacteria enters the host what two forms of damage do they cause - Answers1. direct cell death
2. changes in cellular proliferation
what do bacteria release that kills cells at a distance - Answerstoxins
what does bacteria induce to the host that causes tissue damage - Answersimmune response
what are 4 routes of entry that microorganisms can take to cause disease - Answers1. through the skin
2. through the GI tract
3. through the lungs (inhalation)
4. through the urinary system
the skin has a __________ epidermis - Answerskeratinized, providing protection from microorganisms
what are 3 substances on the skin that protect us from microorganisms - Answers1. defensins
2. cathelicidins
3. fatty acids
what are cathelicidins - Answersthey are antimicrobial peptides
of the GI tract, stomach ___________ protect us from infection - Answersacids
what 6 things of the GI tract protect us from infection - Answers1. mucus layer
2. defensins
3. pancreatic enzymes
4. peristalsis
5. IgA
6. normal flora
what 2 things must occur for GI infections to happen - Answers1. defenses must be weakened (ex:
candida)
2. pathogens must evade local defenses (ex: noravirus)
accidentally ingesting ____________ material in your food can cause infection - Answersfecal
microorganisms enter the respiratory tract via what - Answersinhalation
infections/disease occur in the respiratory tract when __________ are impaired - Answersdefenses. for
example, there could be impaired cilia in cystic fibrosis
what do microorganisms attach to/enter when they are inhaled into the lungs - Answersepithelial cells
(example of this happening is influenza)
, damage to the endothelium of the respiratory tract and entry by _______________ would cause
pneumonias - Answerssuperbugs
when the microorganisms inhaled into the respiratory tract have resistance to being killed by
phagocytosis, what is this called - Answersmycobacterium tuberculosis
what is micturition - Answerspissin
women have a _____ risk of UTI - Answers10x
bacteria such as _________ enter the urogenital tract into the bladder, causing infection - AnswersE. coli
what is lactobacilli - Answersany of a group of rod-shaped, gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacteria of
the family lactobacillaceae
where are lactobacilli found - Answersthe digestive tract including the oral cavity, and the female genital
tract
what do lactobacilli ferment - Answersthey ferment glucose into lactic acid
when lactobacilli ferments glucose to lactic acid, pH in the urogenital tract ______________ -
Answersdecreases
antibiotics kill bacilli to stop what - Answersthe overgrowth of yeast
how do microorganisms cause disease - Answersthey damage the host
what is communicability of bacteria - Answersit is the ability to spread from one individual to others
what is infectivity of bacteria - Answersit is the ability of the pathogen to invade and multiply in the host
what is virulence of bacteria - Answersit is the capacity of the pathogen to cause severe disease
what is the pathogenicity of bacteria - Answersit is the ability of an agent to produce disease (depends
on commutability, infectivity, extent of tissue damage and virulence)
what is the portal of entry of bacteria - Answersit is the route by which a microorganism enters the host
what is the toxigenicity of bacteria - Answersit is the ability to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins
when bacteria enters the host what two forms of damage do they cause - Answers1. direct cell death
2. changes in cellular proliferation
what do bacteria release that kills cells at a distance - Answerstoxins
what does bacteria induce to the host that causes tissue damage - Answersimmune response
