AQA A-LEVEL SOCIOLOGY
7192/1 Paper 1 Education with
Theory and Methods Mark
scheme June 2025-2026
Particularistic standards - ANS-Children are not
judged by a clear measure of achievement
Universalistic standards - ANS-Children are
judged by a
clear measure of achievement and are
compared to other children
,Durkheim - ANS-1) Promotes social solidarity
2) Prepares young people
Parsons - ANS-1) Secondary socialisation =
education teaches universalistic standards and
acts as a bridge between family and wider
society
2) Meritocracy = a meritocratic society is built
on 2 key values:
+Individual achievement
+Equal opportunity
Davis and Moore - ANS-Role allocation = for
society to function effectively, the most talented
individuals need to be allocated to the most
important jobs
,Evaluation of the functionalist view - ANS-+
Hargreaves argues that schools put more of an
emphasis on competition than social solidarity
+ Ascribed characteristics are more important in
determining income later in life than
achievement in school
+ Education is not meritocratic because schools
discriminate against some groups e.g. w/c,
black pupils
Althusser - ANS-+ ISA = control people's beliefs
and ideas indirectly e.g. religion, the mass
media and education
+ RSA = physical force used by the state to
repress the w/c e.g. police, courts and the army
Bowles and Gintis - ANS-The correspondence
principle = the education system mirrors work
structure
, E.g. obedience to teacher = obedience to boss,
value of extrinsic rewards, acceptance of
inequality through the ISA
Bowles and Gintis - evaluation of role allocation
- ANS-+ found that the most obedient students
got the highest grades
+ means that the education system rewards
those who conform to the qualities required of
the future workplace
Bowles and Gintis - myth of meritocracy - ANS-
+ Argue that in reality, success is based on
class background
+ By promising the untrue claim that rewards
are based on ability, it helps workers to accept
inequality
Sugarman - w/c subculture - ANS-1) Present
time orientation
7192/1 Paper 1 Education with
Theory and Methods Mark
scheme June 2025-2026
Particularistic standards - ANS-Children are not
judged by a clear measure of achievement
Universalistic standards - ANS-Children are
judged by a
clear measure of achievement and are
compared to other children
,Durkheim - ANS-1) Promotes social solidarity
2) Prepares young people
Parsons - ANS-1) Secondary socialisation =
education teaches universalistic standards and
acts as a bridge between family and wider
society
2) Meritocracy = a meritocratic society is built
on 2 key values:
+Individual achievement
+Equal opportunity
Davis and Moore - ANS-Role allocation = for
society to function effectively, the most talented
individuals need to be allocated to the most
important jobs
,Evaluation of the functionalist view - ANS-+
Hargreaves argues that schools put more of an
emphasis on competition than social solidarity
+ Ascribed characteristics are more important in
determining income later in life than
achievement in school
+ Education is not meritocratic because schools
discriminate against some groups e.g. w/c,
black pupils
Althusser - ANS-+ ISA = control people's beliefs
and ideas indirectly e.g. religion, the mass
media and education
+ RSA = physical force used by the state to
repress the w/c e.g. police, courts and the army
Bowles and Gintis - ANS-The correspondence
principle = the education system mirrors work
structure
, E.g. obedience to teacher = obedience to boss,
value of extrinsic rewards, acceptance of
inequality through the ISA
Bowles and Gintis - evaluation of role allocation
- ANS-+ found that the most obedient students
got the highest grades
+ means that the education system rewards
those who conform to the qualities required of
the future workplace
Bowles and Gintis - myth of meritocracy - ANS-
+ Argue that in reality, success is based on
class background
+ By promising the untrue claim that rewards
are based on ability, it helps workers to accept
inequality
Sugarman - w/c subculture - ANS-1) Present
time orientation
