PATHO NR 507 FINAL EXAM:
ADVANCED PATHOLOGY NR 507,
2025/2026 (CHAMBERLAIN) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PATHO NR 507
GRADED A
CHAMBERLAIN
Angle of His - CORRECT ANSWERS- Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux
and makes gastro esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - CORRECT ANSWERS- A digestive disease
in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at
the gastro esophageal junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the
muscles around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia,
gastroparesis, and obesity
,heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical
for classic GERD
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and
nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - CORRECT ANSWERS- caused by exposure to enzymes
coming from the stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-
acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
diaphram - CORRECT ANSWERS- a muscle that separates the chest from the
abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
skeletal muscle
,the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS-
skeletal and smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS-
smooth muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - CORRECT ANSWERS- result from the blockage
of the intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even
ingestion of inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.
intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more
common in children less than 2 years of age,
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during
the toddler years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a
paralytic ileus
, peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWERS- ulcer formation in the GI tract that
affects the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or
lower part of the esophagus (esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - CORRECT ANSWERS- to liquify food by churning it and
using enzymes and acid to assist in the breakdown
pylorus - CORRECT ANSWERS- a muscle like structure that squeezes food down
into the duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - CORRECT ANSWERS- secrets mucosa rich
in bicarbonate - it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
ADVANCED PATHOLOGY NR 507,
2025/2026 (CHAMBERLAIN) WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PATHO NR 507
GRADED A
CHAMBERLAIN
Angle of His - CORRECT ANSWERS- Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux
and makes gastro esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - CORRECT ANSWERS- A digestive disease
in which stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at
the gastro esophageal junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the
muscles around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia,
gastroparesis, and obesity
,heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical
for classic GERD
Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and
nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - CORRECT ANSWERS- caused by exposure to enzymes
coming from the stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-
acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
diaphram - CORRECT ANSWERS- a muscle that separates the chest from the
abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
skeletal muscle
,the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS-
skeletal and smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS-
smooth muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - CORRECT ANSWERS- result from the blockage
of the intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even
ingestion of inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.
intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more
common in children less than 2 years of age,
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during
the toddler years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a
paralytic ileus
, peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT ANSWERS- ulcer formation in the GI tract that
affects the lining of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or
lower part of the esophagus (esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - CORRECT ANSWERS- to liquify food by churning it and
using enzymes and acid to assist in the breakdown
pylorus - CORRECT ANSWERS- a muscle like structure that squeezes food down
into the duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - CORRECT ANSWERS- secrets mucosa rich
in bicarbonate - it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
