BME CBSE ACTUAL TEST
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2024/2025 WITH QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS.
Type II pneumocytes - ✔✔✔✔-surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*ANSPolio live v killed vaccine - ✔✔✔✔-Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in fecesANSNeonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - ✔✔✔✔-Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birthANSLung maturity determined with - ✔✔✔✔-Amniocentesis of
Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
,L >> SANSType I pneumocytes - ✔✔✔✔-Squamous gas diffusionANSElastase in lungs - ✔✔✔✔-
macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*ANSElastin stretches and recoils due to - ✔✔✔✔-Lysine interchain
crosslinksANSair pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ✔✔✔✔-Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5ANSPulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ✔✔✔✔-Exhale of Tidal
VolumeANSLung Compliance is decreased by - ✔✔✔✔-LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosisANSLung Compliance is increased by - ✔✔✔✔-emphysema, ageANSObesity affects
ERV and FRC - ✔✔✔✔-DECREASE
ERV & FRCANSBlood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ✔✔✔✔-pulmonary = systemicANSAnatomic
pulmonary shunting - ✔✔✔✔-Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillariesANSMore ventilation is at the - ✔✔✔✔-BASEANSO2-Hgb dissociation LEFT
shift - ✔✔✔✔-basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)ANSO2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ✔✔✔✔-low pH, high
2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDICANSCO2 transport to lungs - ✔✔✔✔-*carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)ANSCO poisoning causes - ✔✔✔✔-carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2ANSCyanide poisoning causes - ✔✔✔✔-lactic acidosisANSHow to treat cyanide
poisoning - ✔✔✔✔-*Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)ANSNormal A-a gradient - ✔✔✔✔-5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitudeANSIncreased A-a gradient - ✔✔✔✔-*Diffusion impairment*
(fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edemaANSAT --> AT II
where and how - ✔✔✔✔-ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
,In small pulmonary bVANSC5a induces what - ✔✔✔✔-PMN influx (ie: in lungs)ANSKorotkoff sound -
✔✔✔✔-BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflationANSPulsus Paradoxus - ✔✔✔✔-10mmHg difference in
Korotkoff soundANSPulsus Paradoxus occurs in - ✔✔✔✔-Cardiac TamponadeANSKussmaul sign -
✔✔✔✔-JVP rises *during inspiration*
Constrictive PericardiditisANSRestrictive/Interstitial Lung Disease:
A-a, FVC, FEV1, EFR - ✔✔✔✔-Airway widening due to *radial traction* from fibrosis
*increase Aa*
decreased FVC & FEV1
*Increased EFR*ANSSarcoidosis - ✔✔✔✔-*Th1 *noncaseating granulmona
bilateral hilar adenopathy
increased *ACE*
increased IL2, IFNg
1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages: vit D --> *HyperCa*ANSHyper Ca causes - ✔✔✔✔-stones, thrones,
groans, psych overtonesANS1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages - ✔✔✔✔-PTH independent conversion of
Calcifediol to *calcitriol* (bioactive Vit D)
Vit D --> Hyper CaANSIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - ✔✔✔✔-*Honeycomb* pattern
loss of Type 1 pneumocytes
*hyperplasia Type II* pneumocytesANSGoodpasture - ✔✔✔✔-HS II
Auto-Ab against BM destroys lung alveoli (*restrictive*) and renal glomeruliANSObstructive Lung
Disease - ✔✔✔✔-DECREASED FEV1, Decreased FVC
increased RV, FRC, TLC
**different shapeANSCOPD - ✔✔✔✔-PMN, mo, CD8
*V/Q mismatch:* O2 induced hypercapnia;
physio dead spaceANSMyeloperoxidase causes - ✔✔✔✔-Green sputum/pusANSDo not give O2
supplement to - ✔✔✔✔-COPD patient
Decreased stimulation of
, *carotid bodies* = decreased RRANSTX COPD with - ✔✔✔✔-*Fluticasone* (glucocorticoid)
inhibit cellular reactionANSa1-antitrypsin deficiency - ✔✔✔✔-Serine protease inhibitor
*LIVER*
*LUNG*: inc PMN elastase --> emphysemaANSAsthma dx - ✔✔✔✔-*Methacholine* (maCh) challenge
= induce bronchoconstriction
to reduce FEV1
+ test = Airways ARE reactiveANSB2 agonist MOA - ✔✔✔✔-B2 (Gs) --> AC --> increase
*cAMP*ANSCorticosteroid MOA - ✔✔✔✔-inhibit cytokine synthesis
suppress T lymphocyteANSmACh Antagonist ("tropium") MOA - ✔✔✔✔-*inhibit Vagal* via ACh
--> decreased CaANSOSA causes - ✔✔✔✔-pulmonary HTN and RHF
increases EPO which worsens HTNANSEPO can do what
on Cardiovascular - ✔✔✔✔-worsen HTNANSPulmonary Arterial HTN - ✔✔✔✔-*BMPR2*
High *endothelin*, Low NO
SMC hypertophy, fibrosis, narrow lumen
*P2 louder* than A2ANSWhen is P2 louder than A2 - ✔✔✔✔-Pulmonary Artherial HypertensionANSTX
pulmonary arterial hypertension - ✔✔✔✔-Endothelin-R antagonist:
- Bo*sentan*, Ambi*sentan*
PGEi (inc cGMP):
- Silden*afil*ANSPulmonary Embolism - ✔✔✔✔-*perfusion defect* (V/Q mismatch)
sudden SOB + calf swelling
Hypoxemia --> *Hyperventilate *
--> *Respiratory Alkalosis *
--> Metabolic compensation in 2 daysANSdx pulmonary embolism - ✔✔✔✔-*D-dimer* test
CT angiogram
Lines of Zahn
*Homan's sign* (DVT calf pain on dorsiflex)ANSTX pulmonary embolism - ✔✔✔✔-Heparin/LMWH
THEN
WarfarinANSFat embolism syndrome - ✔✔✔✔-Long bone/pelvic fracture
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2024/2025 WITH QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS.
Type II pneumocytes - ✔✔✔✔-surfactant (*lecithin*)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
*Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome*ANSPolio live v killed vaccine - ✔✔✔✔-Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in fecesANSNeonatal Respiratory Distress:
Etiology + Tx - ✔✔✔✔-Maternal DM (*high insulin*)
or C-section (*low cortisol*)
TX: *dexamethasone* before birthANSLung maturity determined with - ✔✔✔✔-Amniocentesis of
Phospholipids (*type II pneumocytes)
,L >> SANSType I pneumocytes - ✔✔✔✔-Squamous gas diffusionANSElastase in lungs - ✔✔✔✔-
macrophage: *lysosomes*
PMN: *azuronphilic granules*ANSElastin stretches and recoils due to - ✔✔✔✔-Lysine interchain
crosslinksANSair pressure and
intrapleural pressure at FRC - ✔✔✔✔-Air pressure = 0
Intrapleural pressure = -5ANSPulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during - ✔✔✔✔-Exhale of Tidal
VolumeANSLung Compliance is decreased by - ✔✔✔✔-LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosisANSLung Compliance is increased by - ✔✔✔✔-emphysema, ageANSObesity affects
ERV and FRC - ✔✔✔✔-DECREASE
ERV & FRCANSBlood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) - ✔✔✔✔-pulmonary = systemicANSAnatomic
pulmonary shunting - ✔✔✔✔-Bronchial circulation causes
*decreased PO2 in LA/LV*
than in pulmonary capillariesANSMore ventilation is at the - ✔✔✔✔-BASEANSO2-Hgb dissociation LEFT
shift - ✔✔✔✔-basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)ANSO2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift - ✔✔✔✔-low pH, high
2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDICANSCO2 transport to lungs - ✔✔✔✔-*carbonic anhydrase*
Cl shift
*Haldane*: CO2 released to lung
(*Bohr*: O2 release to tissue)ANSCO poisoning causes - ✔✔✔✔-carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2ANSCyanide poisoning causes - ✔✔✔✔-lactic acidosisANSHow to treat cyanide
poisoning - ✔✔✔✔-*Amyl nitrite* --> Methemoglobin
THEN *Thiosulfate* (hydroxycobalamin)ANSNormal A-a gradient - ✔✔✔✔-5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitudeANSIncreased A-a gradient - ✔✔✔✔-*Diffusion impairment*
(fibrosis)
*R-L shunt* (aspiration, ARDS)
*V/Q mismatch* (pulmonary edemaANSAT --> AT II
where and how - ✔✔✔✔-ACE
(- high in sarcoidosis)
,In small pulmonary bVANSC5a induces what - ✔✔✔✔-PMN influx (ie: in lungs)ANSKorotkoff sound -
✔✔✔✔-BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflationANSPulsus Paradoxus - ✔✔✔✔-10mmHg difference in
Korotkoff soundANSPulsus Paradoxus occurs in - ✔✔✔✔-Cardiac TamponadeANSKussmaul sign -
✔✔✔✔-JVP rises *during inspiration*
Constrictive PericardiditisANSRestrictive/Interstitial Lung Disease:
A-a, FVC, FEV1, EFR - ✔✔✔✔-Airway widening due to *radial traction* from fibrosis
*increase Aa*
decreased FVC & FEV1
*Increased EFR*ANSSarcoidosis - ✔✔✔✔-*Th1 *noncaseating granulmona
bilateral hilar adenopathy
increased *ACE*
increased IL2, IFNg
1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages: vit D --> *HyperCa*ANSHyper Ca causes - ✔✔✔✔-stones, thrones,
groans, psych overtonesANS1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages - ✔✔✔✔-PTH independent conversion of
Calcifediol to *calcitriol* (bioactive Vit D)
Vit D --> Hyper CaANSIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - ✔✔✔✔-*Honeycomb* pattern
loss of Type 1 pneumocytes
*hyperplasia Type II* pneumocytesANSGoodpasture - ✔✔✔✔-HS II
Auto-Ab against BM destroys lung alveoli (*restrictive*) and renal glomeruliANSObstructive Lung
Disease - ✔✔✔✔-DECREASED FEV1, Decreased FVC
increased RV, FRC, TLC
**different shapeANSCOPD - ✔✔✔✔-PMN, mo, CD8
*V/Q mismatch:* O2 induced hypercapnia;
physio dead spaceANSMyeloperoxidase causes - ✔✔✔✔-Green sputum/pusANSDo not give O2
supplement to - ✔✔✔✔-COPD patient
Decreased stimulation of
, *carotid bodies* = decreased RRANSTX COPD with - ✔✔✔✔-*Fluticasone* (glucocorticoid)
inhibit cellular reactionANSa1-antitrypsin deficiency - ✔✔✔✔-Serine protease inhibitor
*LIVER*
*LUNG*: inc PMN elastase --> emphysemaANSAsthma dx - ✔✔✔✔-*Methacholine* (maCh) challenge
= induce bronchoconstriction
to reduce FEV1
+ test = Airways ARE reactiveANSB2 agonist MOA - ✔✔✔✔-B2 (Gs) --> AC --> increase
*cAMP*ANSCorticosteroid MOA - ✔✔✔✔-inhibit cytokine synthesis
suppress T lymphocyteANSmACh Antagonist ("tropium") MOA - ✔✔✔✔-*inhibit Vagal* via ACh
--> decreased CaANSOSA causes - ✔✔✔✔-pulmonary HTN and RHF
increases EPO which worsens HTNANSEPO can do what
on Cardiovascular - ✔✔✔✔-worsen HTNANSPulmonary Arterial HTN - ✔✔✔✔-*BMPR2*
High *endothelin*, Low NO
SMC hypertophy, fibrosis, narrow lumen
*P2 louder* than A2ANSWhen is P2 louder than A2 - ✔✔✔✔-Pulmonary Artherial HypertensionANSTX
pulmonary arterial hypertension - ✔✔✔✔-Endothelin-R antagonist:
- Bo*sentan*, Ambi*sentan*
PGEi (inc cGMP):
- Silden*afil*ANSPulmonary Embolism - ✔✔✔✔-*perfusion defect* (V/Q mismatch)
sudden SOB + calf swelling
Hypoxemia --> *Hyperventilate *
--> *Respiratory Alkalosis *
--> Metabolic compensation in 2 daysANSdx pulmonary embolism - ✔✔✔✔-*D-dimer* test
CT angiogram
Lines of Zahn
*Homan's sign* (DVT calf pain on dorsiflex)ANSTX pulmonary embolism - ✔✔✔✔-Heparin/LMWH
THEN
WarfarinANSFat embolism syndrome - ✔✔✔✔-Long bone/pelvic fracture
