Praxis Science 5005 (purple book)
Earth gets denser towards the center
The temperature increases deeper into Earth - answer
Crust - answer The outermost solid layer of Earth
Mantle - answer The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.
It is not liquid, it is ductile or plastic which means that some of parts of the mantle can
flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure.
The mantle is mainly composed of aluminum and silicates
Core - answerThe innermost layers of Earth.
Earth has an outer core (liquid) and an inner core (solid).
It is mostly composed of nickel and iron.
Composition Layers of the Earth - answercrust,
mantle,
core
Mechanical Layers of Earth - answerlithosphere,
asthenosphere,
mesosphere,
outer core
inner core
Lithosphere - answerThe outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth.
It includes the crust and the top of the mantle
Asthenosphere - answerUnderneath the lithosphere
This region of the mantle flows relatively easily.
The mantle is NOT liquid
Mesosphere - answerBeneath the asthenosphere.
It encompasses the lower mantle, where material still flows but at a much slower rate
than in the asthenosphere.
Outer Core - answerA layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere.
This is the only layer of Earth that is true liquid.
Earth's Spheres - answerlithosphere
,hydrosphere
biosphere
cryosphere
atmosphere
Lithosphere - answerThe outermost shell of Earth
Its the Earth's crust
Hydrosphere - answerAll the water on Earth in liquid form.
For example, lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Biosphere - answerglobal sum of all ecosystems and living organisms
Cryosphere - answerThe masses of frozen water.
For example, frozen rivers, frozen oceans, and glaciers.
atmosphere - answerlayers of gas that surround a planet
Nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the gases in the Earths atmosphere, with
nitrogen being the most prevalent. - answer
Earth's atmosphere - answerTRoposphere, Most of Earth's weather occurs here
Stratosphere, contains the ozone layer
Mesosphere,
THermosphere,
Exosphere
The ozone layer - answerAbsorbs 97-99% of the sun's ultraviolet light and is contained
in the stratosphere
Glaciers contain 69% of Earth's fresh water. - answer
Geologic formations are formations made from rocks that exist on the lithosphere .
Examples include volcanoes, mountains, and canyons. - answer
Mountains - answerAre formed as a result of Earths tectonic plates smashing together
Volcanoes - answerAre formed when magma from within earths upper mantle irrupt
through the surface
Canyons - answerAre formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of
rivers. They are also formed by tectonic activity
Earthquakes - answerAre usually caused when plates rub against each other in an
opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. The sudden
release of energy causes seismic waves that make the ground shake.
, Ring of Fire - answerIs a ring of volcanoes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean.
These volcanoes are a result of subduction oceanic plate beneath lighter continental
plates. Most of earths volcanoes in earthquakes happen along the ring of fire
seismic waves - answerIs an elastic wave caused by an earthquake. There are three
types:
1. Primary (P Waves)- these are the fastest waves and can travel through solid liquid
and gas
2. Secondary Waves (S Waves)- they travel through earths interior about half the speed
of primary waves. It can travel through rock, but unlike primary waves, they cannot
travel through liquids or gases
3. Surface- move along earths surface, not through its interior. They are the slowest of
the three
Tsunamis - answerAre giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruption's under
the sea. Out in depths of the ocean, these waves do not dramatically increase in height.
However, as the waves travel inland, they build up to higher heights as the depth of the
ocean decreases. The speed of these waves depend on oceans depths. They may
travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down when they reach
shallow waters
Plate tectonics - answerIs the theory that earth's outer shell is divided into several plates
that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. These plates move
and separate, causing earth to separate and change.
Divergent - answerpulling apart
Convergent - answercoming together
Subduction - answerSideways and downward movement on the edge of a plate into the
mantle beneath another plate.
Soil - answerIs a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many
organisms that together support life on earth.
1. Topsoil
2. Subsoil
3. Bedrock
The Water Cycle - answerAlso called the hydrologic cycle, is a continuous circulation of
water throughout earth and earth atmosphere
The Main Stages:
1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
Earth gets denser towards the center
The temperature increases deeper into Earth - answer
Crust - answer The outermost solid layer of Earth
Mantle - answer The layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core.
It is not liquid, it is ductile or plastic which means that some of parts of the mantle can
flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure.
The mantle is mainly composed of aluminum and silicates
Core - answerThe innermost layers of Earth.
Earth has an outer core (liquid) and an inner core (solid).
It is mostly composed of nickel and iron.
Composition Layers of the Earth - answercrust,
mantle,
core
Mechanical Layers of Earth - answerlithosphere,
asthenosphere,
mesosphere,
outer core
inner core
Lithosphere - answerThe outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of Earth.
It includes the crust and the top of the mantle
Asthenosphere - answerUnderneath the lithosphere
This region of the mantle flows relatively easily.
The mantle is NOT liquid
Mesosphere - answerBeneath the asthenosphere.
It encompasses the lower mantle, where material still flows but at a much slower rate
than in the asthenosphere.
Outer Core - answerA layer of liquid iron and nickel beneath the mesosphere.
This is the only layer of Earth that is true liquid.
Earth's Spheres - answerlithosphere
,hydrosphere
biosphere
cryosphere
atmosphere
Lithosphere - answerThe outermost shell of Earth
Its the Earth's crust
Hydrosphere - answerAll the water on Earth in liquid form.
For example, lakes, rivers, and oceans.
Biosphere - answerglobal sum of all ecosystems and living organisms
Cryosphere - answerThe masses of frozen water.
For example, frozen rivers, frozen oceans, and glaciers.
atmosphere - answerlayers of gas that surround a planet
Nitrogen and oxygen make up 99% of the gases in the Earths atmosphere, with
nitrogen being the most prevalent. - answer
Earth's atmosphere - answerTRoposphere, Most of Earth's weather occurs here
Stratosphere, contains the ozone layer
Mesosphere,
THermosphere,
Exosphere
The ozone layer - answerAbsorbs 97-99% of the sun's ultraviolet light and is contained
in the stratosphere
Glaciers contain 69% of Earth's fresh water. - answer
Geologic formations are formations made from rocks that exist on the lithosphere .
Examples include volcanoes, mountains, and canyons. - answer
Mountains - answerAre formed as a result of Earths tectonic plates smashing together
Volcanoes - answerAre formed when magma from within earths upper mantle irrupt
through the surface
Canyons - answerAre formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of
rivers. They are also formed by tectonic activity
Earthquakes - answerAre usually caused when plates rub against each other in an
opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. The sudden
release of energy causes seismic waves that make the ground shake.
, Ring of Fire - answerIs a ring of volcanoes around the outer edge of the Pacific Ocean.
These volcanoes are a result of subduction oceanic plate beneath lighter continental
plates. Most of earths volcanoes in earthquakes happen along the ring of fire
seismic waves - answerIs an elastic wave caused by an earthquake. There are three
types:
1. Primary (P Waves)- these are the fastest waves and can travel through solid liquid
and gas
2. Secondary Waves (S Waves)- they travel through earths interior about half the speed
of primary waves. It can travel through rock, but unlike primary waves, they cannot
travel through liquids or gases
3. Surface- move along earths surface, not through its interior. They are the slowest of
the three
Tsunamis - answerAre giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruption's under
the sea. Out in depths of the ocean, these waves do not dramatically increase in height.
However, as the waves travel inland, they build up to higher heights as the depth of the
ocean decreases. The speed of these waves depend on oceans depths. They may
travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down when they reach
shallow waters
Plate tectonics - answerIs the theory that earth's outer shell is divided into several plates
that glide over the mantle or the rocky inner layer above the core. These plates move
and separate, causing earth to separate and change.
Divergent - answerpulling apart
Convergent - answercoming together
Subduction - answerSideways and downward movement on the edge of a plate into the
mantle beneath another plate.
Soil - answerIs a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many
organisms that together support life on earth.
1. Topsoil
2. Subsoil
3. Bedrock
The Water Cycle - answerAlso called the hydrologic cycle, is a continuous circulation of
water throughout earth and earth atmosphere
The Main Stages:
1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
