Praxis 5005 Science. Life Science
Cell Theory - answer1)all cells arise from preexisting cells
2)all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
3)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
2 Types of Cells - answer1) Prokaryotes - single-celled called bacteria
2) Eukaryotes - many cells with membrane-bound nucleus
cell anatomy - answer1) cell membrane - door
2) nucleus - Control center (DNA)
3) Ribosome - production of protein; made by nucleolus
4) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - transports proteins
5) Golgi Body- (folded membranes) -storage, packaging, and distribution of protein
6) Mitochondria - Site of energy production
7) Lysosomes - Digestive enzymes
8-10) are unique to Plants
8) Cell Wall- protective covering for the cell membrane
9) Chloroplasts - Photosynthesis occurs here
10) Central Vacuole - water storage spot for the cell
Cell membrane - answergood things in; waste out
Marker Proteins - serves as "address sign" for the cell
Endocytosis - Capture good things
Exocytosis- Release bad things
Nucleus - answerLocated within cytoplasm and protected by lipid bilayer membrane
Nucleoplasm- Surrounds, supports, and protects the genetic code
Chromatin- contains histones, proteins, and DNA double helix
Nucleolus- makes ribonsomal RNA
Ribosomes - answer2 Types: 1) Free 2) Attached
Translation - process used to make protein
ER - answer2 Types: 1) Rough - attached to membrane lining 2) Smooth - not attached
Mitochondria - answerprocess by which cells harvest energy from food in the form of
ATP.
Cell Cycle - - answer3 STAGES: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Interphase (longest phase) - answer3 phases: 1) Growth(G1), Synthesis (makes DNA)
(S), 2nd Growth(G2)
, Mitosis - answerProcess by which the nucleus divides into two indentical nuclei in
preparation for cytokinesis; creates sex cells in preparation for sexual reproduction.
4 phases: 1) Prophase (longest) -Chromosomes become visible, 2) Metaphase
(shortest)- spindle fibers orient, 3) Anaphase- equal separation and distribution of
chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell, 4) Telophase (opposite of prophase)- cells
complete migration to opposite sides of the cell and uncoil; opposite of prophase.
Cytokinesis - answerFinal Stage - cell divides to form two daughter cells
Meiosis - answercreation of sex cell for sexual reproduction; halves chromosomes in a
gamete so that when gametes combine, the normal chromosome number is restored
Bioenergetics - answerEnergy flowing through living systems
1)Endergonic - energy released
2)Exergonic - energy created
Photosythesis - answerprocess that produces food energy for most life forms;
Endergonic reaction
2 Stages - Light reaction and Dark reaction
Metabolism - answerbiochemical reaction; cells receive most of their energy this way
Cellular Respiration (combustion reaction) - answercells harvest the energy of organic
compound, if oxygen is needed (aerobic), if oxygen is not needed (anaerobic)
Fermentation - answeranaerobic cellular respiration that occurs when there is no
oxygen present, usually performed by Prokaryotes
DNA - answerBlueprint of the cell; contains genetic information
Contains TWO nucleotides that create double helix
Holds template for making proteins
Nucleotide - answer3 parts: Sugar & Phosphate- create supporting structure;
Nitrogenous - stairs
SPiN- Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous
Proteins - answerserve many functions within organism
Protein Synthesis - answerTwo Step process - Transcription and Translation
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Transcription - answerGenetic code with DNA which helps make RNA; takes place in
nucleus.
Translation - answerRNA becomes Protein; occurs within ribosomes
Cell Theory - answer1)all cells arise from preexisting cells
2)all living organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
3)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function
2 Types of Cells - answer1) Prokaryotes - single-celled called bacteria
2) Eukaryotes - many cells with membrane-bound nucleus
cell anatomy - answer1) cell membrane - door
2) nucleus - Control center (DNA)
3) Ribosome - production of protein; made by nucleolus
4) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - transports proteins
5) Golgi Body- (folded membranes) -storage, packaging, and distribution of protein
6) Mitochondria - Site of energy production
7) Lysosomes - Digestive enzymes
8-10) are unique to Plants
8) Cell Wall- protective covering for the cell membrane
9) Chloroplasts - Photosynthesis occurs here
10) Central Vacuole - water storage spot for the cell
Cell membrane - answergood things in; waste out
Marker Proteins - serves as "address sign" for the cell
Endocytosis - Capture good things
Exocytosis- Release bad things
Nucleus - answerLocated within cytoplasm and protected by lipid bilayer membrane
Nucleoplasm- Surrounds, supports, and protects the genetic code
Chromatin- contains histones, proteins, and DNA double helix
Nucleolus- makes ribonsomal RNA
Ribosomes - answer2 Types: 1) Free 2) Attached
Translation - process used to make protein
ER - answer2 Types: 1) Rough - attached to membrane lining 2) Smooth - not attached
Mitochondria - answerprocess by which cells harvest energy from food in the form of
ATP.
Cell Cycle - - answer3 STAGES: Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Interphase (longest phase) - answer3 phases: 1) Growth(G1), Synthesis (makes DNA)
(S), 2nd Growth(G2)
, Mitosis - answerProcess by which the nucleus divides into two indentical nuclei in
preparation for cytokinesis; creates sex cells in preparation for sexual reproduction.
4 phases: 1) Prophase (longest) -Chromosomes become visible, 2) Metaphase
(shortest)- spindle fibers orient, 3) Anaphase- equal separation and distribution of
chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell, 4) Telophase (opposite of prophase)- cells
complete migration to opposite sides of the cell and uncoil; opposite of prophase.
Cytokinesis - answerFinal Stage - cell divides to form two daughter cells
Meiosis - answercreation of sex cell for sexual reproduction; halves chromosomes in a
gamete so that when gametes combine, the normal chromosome number is restored
Bioenergetics - answerEnergy flowing through living systems
1)Endergonic - energy released
2)Exergonic - energy created
Photosythesis - answerprocess that produces food energy for most life forms;
Endergonic reaction
2 Stages - Light reaction and Dark reaction
Metabolism - answerbiochemical reaction; cells receive most of their energy this way
Cellular Respiration (combustion reaction) - answercells harvest the energy of organic
compound, if oxygen is needed (aerobic), if oxygen is not needed (anaerobic)
Fermentation - answeranaerobic cellular respiration that occurs when there is no
oxygen present, usually performed by Prokaryotes
DNA - answerBlueprint of the cell; contains genetic information
Contains TWO nucleotides that create double helix
Holds template for making proteins
Nucleotide - answer3 parts: Sugar & Phosphate- create supporting structure;
Nitrogenous - stairs
SPiN- Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous
Proteins - answerserve many functions within organism
Protein Synthesis - answerTwo Step process - Transcription and Translation
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
Transcription - answerGenetic code with DNA which helps make RNA; takes place in
nucleus.
Translation - answerRNA becomes Protein; occurs within ribosomes
