UCI Bio 93 Final
What are the four most common elements in living matter? – Answer Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon --make up 96% of all living matter.
Properties of Acids – answer Donate H+ to a solution, accept electrons, and have a pH
of <7
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle? – answer DNA Synthesis
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? – answer Growth -- cell contents are
duplicated.
What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle? – answer More growth and preparation
for division.
What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle? – answer Mitosis (and cytokinesis --
division of the cell).
What are the subphases of mitosis? - answerProphase, Pre-metaphase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, and Telophase.
How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? - answer3 -- G1 checkpoint, G2
checkpoint, and the M checkpoint.
What is a Karyotype? - answerA layout of Metaphase chromosomes matched with their
homologous pairs.
What is a diploid cell? - answerA cell with 46 chromosomes -- somatic cells.
What is a haploid cell? - answerA cell with 23 chromosomes -- sex cells.
What does the mesoderm give rise to? - answerthe notochord (similar to a spinal
chord).
What does the endoderm give rise to? - answerthe digestive tract.
What does the ectoderm give rise to? - answerthe nervous system (brain)/neural plate.
If 2n = 18, how many chromosomes come from the mother? - answer9 -- half from mom
and half from dad
,Meiosis - answerMeiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the
chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from
the parent cell that gave rise to them.
What two structures does the chiasma connect? - answerNon-sister chromatids.
What are the steps of meiosis? - answerProphase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,
Telophase I & cytokinesis (then a second set of phases)
What does meiosis 1 deal with? - answerhomologous chromosomes.
What happens in prophase 1? - answerThe chromosomes condense, the nuclear
envelope breaks down, chromosomes cross over, and meiotic spindle forms.
What happens in metaphase 1? - answerthe pairs of homologous chromosomes are
now tightly condensed and coiled and become arranged on the metaphase plate.
What happens in anaphase 1? - answerthe pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart by
the spindle fibers (microtubules).
What happens in Telophase 1 and cytokinesis? - answerThe homologous chromosome
pairs complete their migration to the two poles as a result of the action of the spindle.
Now a haploid set of chromosomes is at each pole, with each chromosome still having
two chromatids. A nuclear envelope reforms around each chromosome set, the spindle
disappears, and cytokinesis follows.
What happens during meiosis 2? - answersister chromatids separate.
What happens in prophase 2 of meiosis? - answerA new spindle forms around the
chromosomes.
What happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis? - answerMetaphase 2 chromosomes line up
at the equator.
What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis? - answerCentromeres divide chromatids
move to opposite poles of the cells.
What happens during telophase 2 of meiosis? - answerA nuclear envelope forms
around each set of chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides.
What makes meiosis a unique form of cell division - answerSynapsis and crossing over
-- occurs in prophase 1, pairing up of homologous chromosomes, homologous
chromosomes cross over and exchange corresponding genetic information (the DNA
exchanged contain the same genes, but may have different alleles).
, How does meiosis increase genetic variability? - answerIndependent assortment
(meiosis 1 -- homologous chromosomes separate independently), crossing over
(genetic recombination, prophase 1), and random fertilization (any egg can join with any
sperm -- most effective way to obtain genetic variability).
What is the law of segregation? - answerAlleles coding for the same trait separate
independently during gamete formation.
What is non-disjunction? - answerWhen homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids
do not separate properly.
What is a character? - answerAn observable heritable feature that may vary among
individuals. Ex: flower color.
What is a trait? - answerOne of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.
Ex: purple flower color/white flower color.
What does the blending theory state? Is this true? - answerThe offspring is a blend of
both parents (ex: a tall mom giraffe + a short dad giraffe = a medium height giraffe).
This is not true because if so, every single offspring would look the same.
What does particulate inheritance state? Is this true? - answerDifferent traits are
inherited in separate distinct units (genes) (ex: F1 and F2 generations). This is always
true because of not every offspring looks the exact same (has the exact same genetics).
What is an allele? - answerAn alternate form of a gene (ex: the gene that determines
hair color).
What does the Law of Segregation state? - answerThe Law of Segregation states that
two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes. (this deals with separation of
homologous pairs in Meiosis 1 producing haploid daughter cells after Meiosis 1).
What does Independent Assortment state? - answerEach pair of alleles
assort/segregate separately from each other during gamete formation. AKA no gene
linkage.
What did Mendelian Genetics assume? - answerGregor Mendel, through his work on
pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes
come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked
the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or
recessive traits.
What is a dominant allele? - answerAn allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of
the heterozygote.
What are the four most common elements in living matter? – Answer Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon --make up 96% of all living matter.
Properties of Acids – answer Donate H+ to a solution, accept electrons, and have a pH
of <7
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle? – answer DNA Synthesis
What happens in the G1 phase of the cell cycle? – answer Growth -- cell contents are
duplicated.
What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle? – answer More growth and preparation
for division.
What happens in the M phase of the cell cycle? – answer Mitosis (and cytokinesis --
division of the cell).
What are the subphases of mitosis? - answerProphase, Pre-metaphase, Metaphase,
Anaphase, and Telophase.
How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? - answer3 -- G1 checkpoint, G2
checkpoint, and the M checkpoint.
What is a Karyotype? - answerA layout of Metaphase chromosomes matched with their
homologous pairs.
What is a diploid cell? - answerA cell with 46 chromosomes -- somatic cells.
What is a haploid cell? - answerA cell with 23 chromosomes -- sex cells.
What does the mesoderm give rise to? - answerthe notochord (similar to a spinal
chord).
What does the endoderm give rise to? - answerthe digestive tract.
What does the ectoderm give rise to? - answerthe nervous system (brain)/neural plate.
If 2n = 18, how many chromosomes come from the mother? - answer9 -- half from mom
and half from dad
,Meiosis - answerMeiosis is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the
chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from
the parent cell that gave rise to them.
What two structures does the chiasma connect? - answerNon-sister chromatids.
What are the steps of meiosis? - answerProphase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,
Telophase I & cytokinesis (then a second set of phases)
What does meiosis 1 deal with? - answerhomologous chromosomes.
What happens in prophase 1? - answerThe chromosomes condense, the nuclear
envelope breaks down, chromosomes cross over, and meiotic spindle forms.
What happens in metaphase 1? - answerthe pairs of homologous chromosomes are
now tightly condensed and coiled and become arranged on the metaphase plate.
What happens in anaphase 1? - answerthe pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart by
the spindle fibers (microtubules).
What happens in Telophase 1 and cytokinesis? - answerThe homologous chromosome
pairs complete their migration to the two poles as a result of the action of the spindle.
Now a haploid set of chromosomes is at each pole, with each chromosome still having
two chromatids. A nuclear envelope reforms around each chromosome set, the spindle
disappears, and cytokinesis follows.
What happens during meiosis 2? - answersister chromatids separate.
What happens in prophase 2 of meiosis? - answerA new spindle forms around the
chromosomes.
What happens in metaphase 2 of meiosis? - answerMetaphase 2 chromosomes line up
at the equator.
What happens in anaphase 2 of meiosis? - answerCentromeres divide chromatids
move to opposite poles of the cells.
What happens during telophase 2 of meiosis? - answerA nuclear envelope forms
around each set of chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides.
What makes meiosis a unique form of cell division - answerSynapsis and crossing over
-- occurs in prophase 1, pairing up of homologous chromosomes, homologous
chromosomes cross over and exchange corresponding genetic information (the DNA
exchanged contain the same genes, but may have different alleles).
, How does meiosis increase genetic variability? - answerIndependent assortment
(meiosis 1 -- homologous chromosomes separate independently), crossing over
(genetic recombination, prophase 1), and random fertilization (any egg can join with any
sperm -- most effective way to obtain genetic variability).
What is the law of segregation? - answerAlleles coding for the same trait separate
independently during gamete formation.
What is non-disjunction? - answerWhen homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids
do not separate properly.
What is a character? - answerAn observable heritable feature that may vary among
individuals. Ex: flower color.
What is a trait? - answerOne of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.
Ex: purple flower color/white flower color.
What does the blending theory state? Is this true? - answerThe offspring is a blend of
both parents (ex: a tall mom giraffe + a short dad giraffe = a medium height giraffe).
This is not true because if so, every single offspring would look the same.
What does particulate inheritance state? Is this true? - answerDifferent traits are
inherited in separate distinct units (genes) (ex: F1 and F2 generations). This is always
true because of not every offspring looks the exact same (has the exact same genetics).
What is an allele? - answerAn alternate form of a gene (ex: the gene that determines
hair color).
What does the Law of Segregation state? - answerThe Law of Segregation states that
two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes. (this deals with separation of
homologous pairs in Meiosis 1 producing haploid daughter cells after Meiosis 1).
What does Independent Assortment state? - answerEach pair of alleles
assort/segregate separately from each other during gamete formation. AKA no gene
linkage.
What did Mendelian Genetics assume? - answerGregor Mendel, through his work on
pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes
come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked
the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or
recessive traits.
What is a dominant allele? - answerAn allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of
the heterozygote.
