NR 507 Endocrine System, NR507 Midterm, NR 507 Final
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood stream. - (correct Answer) - False.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it. When this occurs, this
type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm - (correct
Answer) - True.
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the
cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - (correct Answer) - True.
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a protein and it must bind to receptors inside the
cell membrane - (correct Answer) - False.
It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather than inside the cell
membrane.
The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle - (correct Answer) - True.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - (correct Answer) - False.
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the hypothalamus. The anterior
pituitary produces its own hormones.
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - (correct Answer) -
This statement is true.
Hyperthyroidism - (correct Answer) - Elevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
,Hypothyroidism - (correct Answer) - Decreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM - (correct Answer) - Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of autoimmune
destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM - (correct Answer) - Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental determinants and other risk
factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue insulin resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells - (correct Answer) - responsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells - (correct Answer) - responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
,inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells - (correct Answer) - responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
F (PP) Cells - (correct Answer) - secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric secretions and
antagonizes cholecystokinin.
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - (correct Answer) - FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is
defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the WHO,
using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP
certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose
≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test results from the
same sample or in two separate test samples
pre-screening for DM - (correct Answer) - HbA1c (as measured in a DCCT-referenced assay) ≥6.5%
OR
FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr.
OR
2-hr plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose
≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) - (correct Answer) - 1. FPG 100 to 125 mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
3. HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can result from activation of the sympathetic nervous system to cause
neurogenic reactions that occur when the blood glucose drops rapidly: - (correct Answer) - Tachycardia
Palpitations
, Diaphoresis
Tremors
Pallor
Arousal anxiety
Other symptoms include:
Headache
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Irritability
Fatigue
Poor judgement
Confusion
Hunger
Seizures
Coma
Treatment of hypoglycemia - (correct Answer) - Immediate glucose replacement is required by either
oral or intravenous replacement. For patients who are at high risk for developing hypoglycemia, glucagon
is prescribed for home use. The practitioner should discuss medications and diet management and
proper monitoring of blood glucose levels in the patient education plan.
DKA pathophysiology - (correct Answer) - Insulin deficiency and an increase in counter-regulatory
hormones (catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon and growth hormone) are the most significant factors for
developing DKA.
Under normal circumstances, the counter-regulatory hormones antagonize insulin by increasing glucose
production and decreasing use of glucose by the tissues. Extreme insulin deficiency results in decreased
uptake of glucose, increased fat mobilization and release of fatty acids and gluconeogenesis,
glycogenesis and ketogenesis.
Without insulin, the free fatty acids increase the production of ketone bodies in the liver at a high rate
that exceeds peripheral use. This causes ketone bodies to accumulate and results in decreased pH and
metabolic acidosis.
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood stream. - (correct Answer) - False.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it. When this occurs, this
type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm - (correct
Answer) - True.
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the
cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - (correct Answer) - True.
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a protein and it must bind to receptors inside the
cell membrane - (correct Answer) - False.
It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather than inside the cell
membrane.
The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle - (correct Answer) - True.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - (correct Answer) - False.
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the hypothalamus. The anterior
pituitary produces its own hormones.
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - (correct Answer) -
This statement is true.
Hyperthyroidism - (correct Answer) - Elevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
,Hypothyroidism - (correct Answer) - Decreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM - (correct Answer) - Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of autoimmune
destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM - (correct Answer) - Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental determinants and other risk
factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue insulin resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells - (correct Answer) - responsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells - (correct Answer) - responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
,inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells - (correct Answer) - responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
F (PP) Cells - (correct Answer) - secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric secretions and
antagonizes cholecystokinin.
Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - (correct Answer) - FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is
defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the WHO,
using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP
certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose
≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test results from the
same sample or in two separate test samples
pre-screening for DM - (correct Answer) - HbA1c (as measured in a DCCT-referenced assay) ≥6.5%
OR
FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr.
OR
2-hr plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose
≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) - (correct Answer) - 1. FPG 100 to 125 mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
3. HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4%
Symptoms of hypoglycemia can result from activation of the sympathetic nervous system to cause
neurogenic reactions that occur when the blood glucose drops rapidly: - (correct Answer) - Tachycardia
Palpitations
, Diaphoresis
Tremors
Pallor
Arousal anxiety
Other symptoms include:
Headache
Dizziness
Blurred vision
Irritability
Fatigue
Poor judgement
Confusion
Hunger
Seizures
Coma
Treatment of hypoglycemia - (correct Answer) - Immediate glucose replacement is required by either
oral or intravenous replacement. For patients who are at high risk for developing hypoglycemia, glucagon
is prescribed for home use. The practitioner should discuss medications and diet management and
proper monitoring of blood glucose levels in the patient education plan.
DKA pathophysiology - (correct Answer) - Insulin deficiency and an increase in counter-regulatory
hormones (catecholamines, cortisol, glucagon and growth hormone) are the most significant factors for
developing DKA.
Under normal circumstances, the counter-regulatory hormones antagonize insulin by increasing glucose
production and decreasing use of glucose by the tissues. Extreme insulin deficiency results in decreased
uptake of glucose, increased fat mobilization and release of fatty acids and gluconeogenesis,
glycogenesis and ketogenesis.
Without insulin, the free fatty acids increase the production of ketone bodies in the liver at a high rate
that exceeds peripheral use. This causes ketone bodies to accumulate and results in decreased pH and
metabolic acidosis.
