BIOL 235 FINAL EXAM 2025 WITH
QUESTION
AND CORRECT ANSWER
Active helper T cells - ANSWER>>secrete cytokines
T cells that display CD8 - ANSWER>>develop into cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)
Cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign antigens combined with - ANSWER>>MHC class I
Helper T cells are activated by antigens associated with - ANSWER>>MHC class II
Maximal activation of cytotoxic T cells - ANSWER>>required presentation of antigen
associated with both MHC-I and MHC-II molecules
Effector cell of a B cell clone - ANSWER>>plasma cells, secrete specific antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Tgs) - ANSWER>>antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins
called globulins
An antibody combines only - ANSWER>>with the epitope on the antigen that triggered
its production
H chains - ANSWER>>two chains in antibody
L chains - ANSWER>>two identical chains in antibodies
Disulfide bond - ANSWER>>holds each light chain to a heavy chain
Variable (V) regions - ANSWER>>constitute the antigen-binding site
Constant C region - ANSWER>>nearly the same in all antibodies of the same class
Main cytokines - ANSWER>>interleukin 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, tumor necrosis factor, interferons,
macrophage migration inhibiting factor
The upper respiratory system includes - ANSWER>>the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx,
and associated structures
Lower respiratory system includes - ANSWER>>the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the
lungs
,Functions of the respiratory system - ANSWER>>provides for gas exchange: intake of
O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells, helps regulate
blood pH, contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal
sounds, excretes small amounts of water and heat
As air passes through the nose - ANSWER>>it is warmed, filtered, moistened, and
olfaction occurs
External nose - ANSWER>>has a cartilaginous framework and bony framework
Pharynx - ANSWER>>can be divided into three anatomical regions: nasopharynx,
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx - ANSWER>>lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft
palate
Through internal nares - ANSWER>>nasopharynx receives air from the nasal cavity
along with packages of dust-laden mucus
Oropharynx - ANSWER>>intermediate portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to the oral
cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of the hyoid bone
Fauces - ANSWER>>opening from the moth into the oropharynx
Oropharynx function - ANSWER>>both respiratory and digestive
Oropharynx tonsils - ANSWER>>palatine and lingual
Laryngopharnx - ANSWER>>inferior portion of the pharynx, begins at the level of the
hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and larynx
Wall of the larynx - ANSWER>>9 pieces of cartilage
Cricoid cartilage - ANSWER>>ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the interior wall of the
larynx, landmark for making a tracheotomy
Arythnoid cartilages - ANSWER>>triangular, form synovial joints with cricoid cartilage
and have a wide range of motiblity
Corniculate cartilages - ANSWER>>horn-shape
Cuneiform cartilages - ANSWER>>support the vocal folds
, Glottis consists of - ANSWER>>pair of folds of mucous membrane in the larynx and
space between them
The trachea is anterior - ANSWER>>to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to
the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra
Bronchial tree consists of - ANSWER>>macroscopic airways that begin at the trachea
and continue through the terminal bronchioles
Branching of the bronchial tree - ANSWER>>trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi,
segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Parietal pleura - ANSWER>>lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura - ANSWER>>covers the lungs
Oblique fissure divides - ANSWER>>the left lung into two lobes
Oblique and horizontal fissures - ANSWER>>divide the right lung into three lobes
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into - ANSWER>>alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs consist of: two or more alveoli that share a common opening -
ANSWER>>
Respiratory membrane - ANSWER>>alveolar and capillary walls where the exchange of
O2 and CO2 takes place
Microscopic airway pathway - ANSWER>>respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs, alveoli
Type II alveolar cells secrete - ANSWER>>alveolar fluid including surfactant
Respiratory membrane has four layers - ANSWER>>type 1 and 2 alveolar cell
(constitutes the alveolar wall), epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement
membrane, capillary endothelium
In order to breathe in - ANSWER>>the pressure inside the alveoli must be lower than
the atmospheric pressure, condition is achieved by increasing the size of the lungs
Boyles' law - ANSWER>>the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely
proportional to the volume of the container
During normal quiet inhalation - ANSWER>>the diaphragm and external intercostals
contract, lungs expand, air moves into the lungs
QUESTION
AND CORRECT ANSWER
Active helper T cells - ANSWER>>secrete cytokines
T cells that display CD8 - ANSWER>>develop into cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)
Cytotoxic T cells recognize foreign antigens combined with - ANSWER>>MHC class I
Helper T cells are activated by antigens associated with - ANSWER>>MHC class II
Maximal activation of cytotoxic T cells - ANSWER>>required presentation of antigen
associated with both MHC-I and MHC-II molecules
Effector cell of a B cell clone - ANSWER>>plasma cells, secrete specific antibodies
Immunoglobulins (Tgs) - ANSWER>>antibodies belong to a group of glycoproteins
called globulins
An antibody combines only - ANSWER>>with the epitope on the antigen that triggered
its production
H chains - ANSWER>>two chains in antibody
L chains - ANSWER>>two identical chains in antibodies
Disulfide bond - ANSWER>>holds each light chain to a heavy chain
Variable (V) regions - ANSWER>>constitute the antigen-binding site
Constant C region - ANSWER>>nearly the same in all antibodies of the same class
Main cytokines - ANSWER>>interleukin 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, tumor necrosis factor, interferons,
macrophage migration inhibiting factor
The upper respiratory system includes - ANSWER>>the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx,
and associated structures
Lower respiratory system includes - ANSWER>>the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the
lungs
,Functions of the respiratory system - ANSWER>>provides for gas exchange: intake of
O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells, helps regulate
blood pH, contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal
sounds, excretes small amounts of water and heat
As air passes through the nose - ANSWER>>it is warmed, filtered, moistened, and
olfaction occurs
External nose - ANSWER>>has a cartilaginous framework and bony framework
Pharynx - ANSWER>>can be divided into three anatomical regions: nasopharynx,
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx - ANSWER>>lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft
palate
Through internal nares - ANSWER>>nasopharynx receives air from the nasal cavity
along with packages of dust-laden mucus
Oropharynx - ANSWER>>intermediate portion of the pharynx, lies posterior to the oral
cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of the hyoid bone
Fauces - ANSWER>>opening from the moth into the oropharynx
Oropharynx function - ANSWER>>both respiratory and digestive
Oropharynx tonsils - ANSWER>>palatine and lingual
Laryngopharnx - ANSWER>>inferior portion of the pharynx, begins at the level of the
hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and larynx
Wall of the larynx - ANSWER>>9 pieces of cartilage
Cricoid cartilage - ANSWER>>ring of hyaline cartilage that forms the interior wall of the
larynx, landmark for making a tracheotomy
Arythnoid cartilages - ANSWER>>triangular, form synovial joints with cricoid cartilage
and have a wide range of motiblity
Corniculate cartilages - ANSWER>>horn-shape
Cuneiform cartilages - ANSWER>>support the vocal folds
, Glottis consists of - ANSWER>>pair of folds of mucous membrane in the larynx and
space between them
The trachea is anterior - ANSWER>>to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to
the superior border of the fifth thoracic vertebra
Bronchial tree consists of - ANSWER>>macroscopic airways that begin at the trachea
and continue through the terminal bronchioles
Branching of the bronchial tree - ANSWER>>trachea, main bronchi, lobar bronchi,
segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Parietal pleura - ANSWER>>lines the thoracic cavity
Visceral pleura - ANSWER>>covers the lungs
Oblique fissure divides - ANSWER>>the left lung into two lobes
Oblique and horizontal fissures - ANSWER>>divide the right lung into three lobes
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into - ANSWER>>alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs consist of: two or more alveoli that share a common opening -
ANSWER>>
Respiratory membrane - ANSWER>>alveolar and capillary walls where the exchange of
O2 and CO2 takes place
Microscopic airway pathway - ANSWER>>respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs, alveoli
Type II alveolar cells secrete - ANSWER>>alveolar fluid including surfactant
Respiratory membrane has four layers - ANSWER>>type 1 and 2 alveolar cell
(constitutes the alveolar wall), epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement
membrane, capillary endothelium
In order to breathe in - ANSWER>>the pressure inside the alveoli must be lower than
the atmospheric pressure, condition is achieved by increasing the size of the lungs
Boyles' law - ANSWER>>the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely
proportional to the volume of the container
During normal quiet inhalation - ANSWER>>the diaphragm and external intercostals
contract, lungs expand, air moves into the lungs
