Rush - Advanced Pharmacology - NSG 531 - Exam 1
(2025 updated) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(DETAILED & ELABORATED) fully solved
Drug - (ANSWER)a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation,
treatment, or prevention of disease and a substance, other than food, intended to
affect the structure or any function of the body
T/F most drugs are strong acids or strong bases - (ANSWER)F - most drugs are
weak acids or weak bases
what are the four things that the body does to a drug? - (ANSWER)1. absorbs it
2. distributes it (think about it - most drugs don't have MOA in the stomach or GI
tract, the body distributes to where it acts)
3. biotransforms or metabolizes it
4. eliminates it
Pharmacokinetics - (ANSWER)what the body does to the drug
Describe absorption - (ANSWER)drugs that are given orally have to get out of the
gut and into circulation
in order to do that the drugs have to pass through cell membranes
this means there has to be some form of solubility for the drug to pass through
the cell membrane
cell membranes are made of lipids
,therefore drugs have to have some form of lipid solubility
What are cell membranes made of? - (ANSWER)phsopholipid bilayer
What is the only route of drug that does not have to pass through the cell
membrane? - (ANSWER)IV push - because it goes directly into circulation
What are the four mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane? -
(ANSWER)1. simple diffusion
2. channel-mediated
3. carrier-mediated
4. Active Transport
Simple diffusion - what has to be true? - (ANSWER)-drug has to be lipid soluble
-there has to be a concentration gradient present
-if a drug is high in fat solubility it is not going to be very water soluble - these two
properties balance each other out
If a drug is high in lipid solubility and it is able to be transported by simple
diffusion, what will happen once it crosses the cell membrane? - (ANSWER)it may
meet an aqueous solution and because it is not highly water soluble it will need to
bind to a carrier protein to be transported throughout the circulation
,What are the channels in Channel mediated transport - (ANSWER)channels are
two groups of proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
how does channel mediated transport work? - (ANSWER)there are two groups of
proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
there is water within the pore/channel that the water soluble drug can go
through and the protein walls of the channel create a barrier from the lipid bilayer
How does carrier mediated transport work? - (ANSWER)-there is a carrier protein
embedded in the surface of the cell membrane that fits the drug that is trying to
pass
-you have to have a complementary fit between the protein and the drug
-if it fits then it binds causing a conformation change
-the orientation of the protein flips over so that the open side of the protein is
now on the opposite side and the drug is transported to the other side of the cell
membrane
-again a concentration gradient is needed
conformational change - (ANSWER)a change in how something is oriented
i.e. carrier-mediated transport where the protein accepts the drug, then flips,
orienting the open side of the protein to the opposite side of the cell membrane
what are the three types of passive transport - (ANSWER)simple diffusion,
channel-mediated, carrier-mediated
, Does a lipid soluble or water soluble drug get absorbed more quickly? -
(ANSWER)lipid soluble
what does solubility of a drug depend on? - (ANSWER)-whether the drug is an
acid or a base
-the pH of the environment in which the drug is located
what does pH measure? - (ANSWER)hydrogen ion concentration
pH = -log (H+)
what happens when you put an acidic drug in solution? - (ANSWER)it gives up its'
hydrogen ion and releases it into solution
what happens when you put a basic drug in solution? - (ANSWER)it accepts a
hydrogen ion sitting in solution
What is the equation for acid? - (ANSWER)HA --><-- H+ + A-
What is the equation for Base? - (ANSWER)BH+ --><-- B + H+
HA
is this acid associated or dissociated? - (ANSWER)associated - it has its' hydrogen
ion
(2025 updated) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
(DETAILED & ELABORATED) fully solved
Drug - (ANSWER)a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation,
treatment, or prevention of disease and a substance, other than food, intended to
affect the structure or any function of the body
T/F most drugs are strong acids or strong bases - (ANSWER)F - most drugs are
weak acids or weak bases
what are the four things that the body does to a drug? - (ANSWER)1. absorbs it
2. distributes it (think about it - most drugs don't have MOA in the stomach or GI
tract, the body distributes to where it acts)
3. biotransforms or metabolizes it
4. eliminates it
Pharmacokinetics - (ANSWER)what the body does to the drug
Describe absorption - (ANSWER)drugs that are given orally have to get out of the
gut and into circulation
in order to do that the drugs have to pass through cell membranes
this means there has to be some form of solubility for the drug to pass through
the cell membrane
cell membranes are made of lipids
,therefore drugs have to have some form of lipid solubility
What are cell membranes made of? - (ANSWER)phsopholipid bilayer
What is the only route of drug that does not have to pass through the cell
membrane? - (ANSWER)IV push - because it goes directly into circulation
What are the four mechanisms of transport across the cell membrane? -
(ANSWER)1. simple diffusion
2. channel-mediated
3. carrier-mediated
4. Active Transport
Simple diffusion - what has to be true? - (ANSWER)-drug has to be lipid soluble
-there has to be a concentration gradient present
-if a drug is high in fat solubility it is not going to be very water soluble - these two
properties balance each other out
If a drug is high in lipid solubility and it is able to be transported by simple
diffusion, what will happen once it crosses the cell membrane? - (ANSWER)it may
meet an aqueous solution and because it is not highly water soluble it will need to
bind to a carrier protein to be transported throughout the circulation
,What are the channels in Channel mediated transport - (ANSWER)channels are
two groups of proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
how does channel mediated transport work? - (ANSWER)there are two groups of
proteins on each side that create a pore in the cell membrane
there is water within the pore/channel that the water soluble drug can go
through and the protein walls of the channel create a barrier from the lipid bilayer
How does carrier mediated transport work? - (ANSWER)-there is a carrier protein
embedded in the surface of the cell membrane that fits the drug that is trying to
pass
-you have to have a complementary fit between the protein and the drug
-if it fits then it binds causing a conformation change
-the orientation of the protein flips over so that the open side of the protein is
now on the opposite side and the drug is transported to the other side of the cell
membrane
-again a concentration gradient is needed
conformational change - (ANSWER)a change in how something is oriented
i.e. carrier-mediated transport where the protein accepts the drug, then flips,
orienting the open side of the protein to the opposite side of the cell membrane
what are the three types of passive transport - (ANSWER)simple diffusion,
channel-mediated, carrier-mediated
, Does a lipid soluble or water soluble drug get absorbed more quickly? -
(ANSWER)lipid soluble
what does solubility of a drug depend on? - (ANSWER)-whether the drug is an
acid or a base
-the pH of the environment in which the drug is located
what does pH measure? - (ANSWER)hydrogen ion concentration
pH = -log (H+)
what happens when you put an acidic drug in solution? - (ANSWER)it gives up its'
hydrogen ion and releases it into solution
what happens when you put a basic drug in solution? - (ANSWER)it accepts a
hydrogen ion sitting in solution
What is the equation for acid? - (ANSWER)HA --><-- H+ + A-
What is the equation for Base? - (ANSWER)BH+ --><-- B + H+
HA
is this acid associated or dissociated? - (ANSWER)associated - it has its' hydrogen
ion
