NURS 6521 Case Study - Running head: CONCEPTS FOR CHAPTER ONE AND TWO

Concepts For Chapter One and Two 1. What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? (Workbook question# 9) Eukaryotes is a cell of higher animals and plants which are single celled organisms. Single cell organisms such as fungi, protozoa, and most algae. They contain larger and detailed intracellular anatomy and organization. This class contains organelles and a nucleus. Prokaryotes includes cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia. They contain no organelles and their nuclear material is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane. It is recognized by their lack of a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain structural differences in chemical composition and biochemical activity. 2. This structure synthesis ribosomes; it is the nucleolus. (Workbook question #6) Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes that are synthesized in the nucleolus. It is secreted into the cytoplasm through the pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. They float freely in the cytoplasm or attach themselves to the outer membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The main function for ribosomes is to provide sites for protein synthesis. 3. This structure contains digestive enzymes; it is a lysosome. (Workbook question# 8) Lysosomes are membrane enclosed organelles filled with enzymes that digest macromolecules. They defunct intracellular organelles and engulf particles from outside of the cell by endocytosis. This structure contains sixty digestive enzymes called hydrolases in which catalyzes bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. It is the intracellular digestive system. 4. Caveolae (Workbook question # 36) 3 Caveolae is also called or known as microdomains. It is the cholesterol and glycosphingolipid-rich microdomains. It is involved in the process of transportation, endothelial cell functions, cell membrane repair, uptake in cell surface receptors, protection in lipotoxicity, and mechanotransduction. It is present in most mammalian cells and rich in endothelial/smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, and fibroblasts. Caveolae is fundamental in regulating endothelial cell functions because they compartmentalize in the signaling of molecules. 5. What happens during the interphase of the cell cycle? (Workbook question # 48) Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle. During this phase the cell copies DNA, grows, and prepares for cell division. This phase is known to be the reproduction and division phase for the cell cycle. As the phase begins, chromosomes have not replicated but right before the prophase begins replication has been completed. This happens so that each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids. Chapter. 2 6. What is the difference between Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia? (Workbook question# 25) Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells that causes the increase of size in organs. It can be either physiologic or pathologic when affected. The cause of enlargement is not due to adhesions, accumulations of fat, or the proliferation of cells. It occurs in permanent non-dividing cells such as skeletal or cardiac muscles. Whereas, hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ/tissue. This in return causes an increase rate of cellular division. The cause of hyperplasia is due to injury which is prolonged and/or severe. Hyperplasia’s common response is to stimulus. The adaptive cell change is in an increase in the number of cells. Hyperplasia occurs in labile and stable dividing