MMSC 438 Final Exam with precise detailed answers

MMSC 438 Final Exam with precise detailed
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answers
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synergy |- |✔✔2 |antimicrobial |agents |are |used |together |and |have |enhanced |activity |(compared |to |the
|drugs |acting |alone)




antagonism |- |✔✔2 |antimicrobial |drugs |are |used |together, |causing |activity |is |lower |than |the |strongest
|drug |used |alone




indifference |- |✔✔2 |antimicrobial |drugs |are |used, |causing |activity |that |is |equal |to |the |strongest |drug
|being |used |alone




additive |- |✔✔2 |antimicrobial |agents |are |used |together, |the |activity |is |equal |to |both |drugs |acting |on
|their |own




breakpoint |- |✔✔MIC/ |zone |of |inhibition |diameter |values |that |are |considered |the |cuttoffs |between |S,
|I |and |R |determinations |in |Kirby |Bauer |disk |diffusion |testing



-determined |by |CLSI



breakpoint |panel |- |✔✔both |microdilution |susceptibility |test |that |is |done |with |only |one |concentration
|of |antibiotic |to |see |if |the |bacteria |has |a |MIC |that |is |above |or |below |this |"breakpoint" |concentration



-reported |as |either |S |or |R



antibiogram |- |✔✔chart |of |antimicrobial |susceptibility |of |different |bacterial |species |isolates |against
|different |antibiotic |agents



-charts |can |be |compared |over |months/ |years



side |effect |- |✔✔unwanted |effect |that |occurs |due |to |use |of |a |drug/antibiotic

,toxicity |- |✔✔poisoning |that |occurs |when |too |much |antimicrobial |drug |is |present |in |the |body |and
|leads |to |harmful |side |effects



-may |be |caused |by |overdose, |increased |accumulation |of |drug, |or |decreased |metabolism |of |drug

-can |occur |even |if |taking |the |drug |as |directed

-some |drugs |require |close |monitoring |to |make |sure |toxic |levels |do |not |buildup



ototoxicity |- |✔✔impaired |hearing |due |to |drug |toxicity

-caused |by |Chloramphenicol |and |aminoglycosides



bactericidal |- |✔✔drugs |that |kill |bacteria



bacteriostatic |- |✔✔drugs |that |inhibit |the |growth/ |replication |of |bacteria |so |that |the |immune |system
|has |a |chance |to |clear |out |the |bacteria




effective |antimicrobial |agent |- |✔✔-selectively |toxic: |active |against |pathogen, |not |harmful |to |patient

-able |to |penetrate |into |infected |tissues |(active |in |body |fluids, |blood |and |exudates)

-active |concentrations |are |achieved |rapidly |in |the |body

-organisms |do |not |develop |resistance

-cost |effective



antibiotic |modes |of |action |- |✔✔-cell |wall |synthesis |inhibition

-plasma |membrane |damage

-protein |synthesis |inhibition

-nucleic |acid |synthesis

-metabolic |pathway |inhibition



ß-lactams |- |✔✔cell |wall |synthesis |inhibitors |that |irreversibly |bind |to |bacterial |transpeptidase |(PBPs)
|enzymes |so |that |cells |cannot |produce |a |mature |peptidoglycan |cell |wall



-penicillins

,-cephalosporins

-carbapenems

-monobactams



glycopeptides |- |✔✔cell |wall |syntehsis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |terminal |D-alanines |and |prevent
|crosslinking |of |peptidoglycan |in |*gram |positive* |cell |walls



-vancomycin

-teicoplanin



polypeptides |- |✔✔plasma |membrane |damagers |that |break |up |the |outer |plasma |membrane |of |*gram
|negative* |bacteria



-polymyxin

-colisitin



tetracyclines |- |✔✔protein |synthesis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |bacterial |ribosome |and |prevent |production
|of |proteins



-tetracycline

-doxicycline



macrolides |- |✔✔protein |synthesis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |bacterial |ribosome |and |prevent |production
|of |proteins



-erythromycin

-azithromycin



aminoglycosides |- |✔✔protein |synthesis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |bacterial |ribosome |and |prevent
|production |of |proteins



-gentamycin

-streptomycin

, chloramphenicols |- |✔✔protein |synthesis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |bacterial |ribosome |and |prevent
|production |of |proteins



-chloramphenicol



lincosamides |- |✔✔protein |synthesis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |bacterial |ribosome |and |prevent |production
|of |proteins



-clindamycin



ketolides |- |✔✔protein |synthesis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |bacterial |ribosome |and |prevent |production |of
|proteins



-telithromycin



quinolones |- |✔✔nucleic |acid |synthesis |inhibitors |that |block |DNA |replication

-nalidixic |acid

-ciprofloxacin

-levofloxacin

-trovafloxacin



metronidazoles |- |✔✔nucleic |acid |inhibitors |that |are |good |against |parasites |and |anaerobes

-metronidazole |(flagyl)



rifampins |- |✔✔nucleic |acid |synthesis |inhibitors |that |bind |to |transcription |targets |to |prevent
|transcription



-rifampins



sulfonamides |and |trimethoprims |- |✔✔metabolic |pathway |inhibitors |that |block |the |synthesis |of |folic
|acid |in |the |folic |acid |pathway



-always |used |in |combination

-sulfamethoxazole/ |trimethoprim |(SXT/TMP)