GMS 6540 ACTUAL FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Angiogenesis activators - ✔✔- VEGFs
- FGFs
- PDGFB
- EGF
- LPA
✔✔Tumor specific antigens - ✔✔- unique to tumor cells
- result from
- mutation in tumor cells that generates altered cellular proteins
- expression of viral proteins
✔✔Tumor associated antigens - ✔✔- not unique to tumor cells
- normal antigens expressed at wrong time
- expression of oncofetal proteins
- over-expression of proteins
✔✔Oncofetal tumor antigens - ✔✔- found in normal fetal cells
- recognized and induce immune response
✔✔Protien/oncogene over-expression - ✔✔- over-expressed growth factors
- EGFR - epidermal growth factor - 100x over
- transferrin receptor - 4-40x over
✔✔Immortality - ✔✔- caused by overactive telomerase in 85% of cancers
- telomere length often determines apoptosis
- blocked by addition of telomerase
✔✔In vivo - ✔✔- in mice or rats
✔✔In vitro - ✔✔- Ames test
- human cell line testing
✔✔Ames test - ✔✔- most commonly used
- tests ability to cause DNA mutations
- uses bacteria (salmonella)
- tested on histadine petri dish
✔✔PAH - ✔✔- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- formed in tabacco processing & combustion
✔✔NNK - ✔✔- nicotine mutagen
- formed in tobacco processing
, - targets pancreas
✔✔Benzo[a]pyrene - ✔✔- PAH
- strongest carcinogen in cigarettes followed by 5-methylchrysene
- binds to Guanine forming an epoxide in DNA chain
✔✔Viral carcinogenesis - ✔✔- 18% of cancer cause
- any retrovirus can cause cancer
- epstein-barr
- hep-b
- hep-c
- HPV
- Kaposi sarcoma associated herpes virus
- HIV
✔✔HPV cancer - ✔✔- virus codes 8 proteins
- 6 early
- 2 late
- late proteins E6 & E7 bind to and inhibit p53 & Rb
✔✔Radiation - ✔✔- causes single or double stranded breaks in DNA
- forms Thymine dimers
- majority is fixed
- small errors build up overtime
✔✔10^9 - ✔✔- point at which cancer is detectable
- below this disease is in remission
✔✔Hemorrhagic cystitis - ✔✔- cyclophosphamide
✔✔Neurotoxitity - ✔✔- microtubule inhibitors - vincristine, paclitaxel
- ciplatin
✔✔Cardiotoxicity - ✔✔- doxorubicin
✔✔Pulmonary fibrosis - ✔✔- bleomycin
✔✔Intrinsic resistance - ✔✔- innate or pre-existing resistance
✔✔Acquired resistance - ✔✔- tumor initially sensitive to chemo then develops
resistance
✔✔Mechanism of resistance - ✔✔- drug metabolism
- alteration in drug target
- decreased intracellular drug concentration
WITH SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Angiogenesis activators - ✔✔- VEGFs
- FGFs
- PDGFB
- EGF
- LPA
✔✔Tumor specific antigens - ✔✔- unique to tumor cells
- result from
- mutation in tumor cells that generates altered cellular proteins
- expression of viral proteins
✔✔Tumor associated antigens - ✔✔- not unique to tumor cells
- normal antigens expressed at wrong time
- expression of oncofetal proteins
- over-expression of proteins
✔✔Oncofetal tumor antigens - ✔✔- found in normal fetal cells
- recognized and induce immune response
✔✔Protien/oncogene over-expression - ✔✔- over-expressed growth factors
- EGFR - epidermal growth factor - 100x over
- transferrin receptor - 4-40x over
✔✔Immortality - ✔✔- caused by overactive telomerase in 85% of cancers
- telomere length often determines apoptosis
- blocked by addition of telomerase
✔✔In vivo - ✔✔- in mice or rats
✔✔In vitro - ✔✔- Ames test
- human cell line testing
✔✔Ames test - ✔✔- most commonly used
- tests ability to cause DNA mutations
- uses bacteria (salmonella)
- tested on histadine petri dish
✔✔PAH - ✔✔- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- formed in tabacco processing & combustion
✔✔NNK - ✔✔- nicotine mutagen
- formed in tobacco processing
, - targets pancreas
✔✔Benzo[a]pyrene - ✔✔- PAH
- strongest carcinogen in cigarettes followed by 5-methylchrysene
- binds to Guanine forming an epoxide in DNA chain
✔✔Viral carcinogenesis - ✔✔- 18% of cancer cause
- any retrovirus can cause cancer
- epstein-barr
- hep-b
- hep-c
- HPV
- Kaposi sarcoma associated herpes virus
- HIV
✔✔HPV cancer - ✔✔- virus codes 8 proteins
- 6 early
- 2 late
- late proteins E6 & E7 bind to and inhibit p53 & Rb
✔✔Radiation - ✔✔- causes single or double stranded breaks in DNA
- forms Thymine dimers
- majority is fixed
- small errors build up overtime
✔✔10^9 - ✔✔- point at which cancer is detectable
- below this disease is in remission
✔✔Hemorrhagic cystitis - ✔✔- cyclophosphamide
✔✔Neurotoxitity - ✔✔- microtubule inhibitors - vincristine, paclitaxel
- ciplatin
✔✔Cardiotoxicity - ✔✔- doxorubicin
✔✔Pulmonary fibrosis - ✔✔- bleomycin
✔✔Intrinsic resistance - ✔✔- innate or pre-existing resistance
✔✔Acquired resistance - ✔✔- tumor initially sensitive to chemo then develops
resistance
✔✔Mechanism of resistance - ✔✔- drug metabolism
- alteration in drug target
- decreased intracellular drug concentration
