EXAM REVIEW SHEET ANSWERS
,BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET ANSWERS
EVOLUTION
1. Evolution is change/time, process by which modern organisms descended from ancient
organisms
2. Fossils, similar/vestigial structures, embryology
3. DNA is found in the nucleus, (blueprint) contains instructions for function, development,
reproduction
4. DNA is a polymer that carries genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth,
and reproduction in organisms; nucleotides are sub-units of DNA; deoxyribose (pentose)
sugar and phosphate group are the backbone of double helix; nitrogenous base encode
genetic information; genes are sequences of triplets in DNA which contain instructions for
building proteins; chromosomes are tightly coiled bundles of DNA around histones.
5. DNA is a double helix supported by a phosphate backbone.
6. Bottleneck effect occurs when a sudden, drastic event dramatically decreases population
and changes allele frequencies. Founder effect occurs when a group of individuals establish
a new population with less genetic diversity.
7. Mutations are variations in genes/DNA; alleles are versions of genes; sexual reproduction
results in genetically diverse offspring; asexual reproduction results in genetically identical
offspring
8. DNA mutations provide the raw materials for natural selection, and variations create traits
that can evolve into adaptations if beneficial
9. In speciation, mutations must occur so that sexual reproduction is no longer successful
between two populations
10. Migration/gene flow is the movement of genes caused by individuals changing allele
frequencies. Genetic drift is natural movement of genes.
11. Darwin’s Finches are adaptive radiation; evolved into different niches; Peppered Moth is an
example of selective advantages; Bacterial Resistance is good example of natural selection
and variations
12. Gradualism happens gradually and over extended periods of time; punctuated equilibrium
occurs with sudden changes in short periods of times.
13. Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically divided; sympatric
speciation occur when geographically non-isolated populations are suddenly unable to
produce fertile offspring; new species appears suddenly
14. Selective adaptation are advantages a species has in a particular environment over other
species.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Organizes diversity; identifies relationships; predicts traits; reduces confusion (especially
lingual)
2. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came
Over For Good Soup)
3. Answers may vary :>
,VIRUSES
1. DNA enclosed within a protein coat (Capsid)
2. Head; collar; sheath; base plate; tail fibres
3. Viruses can’t make their own energy; can’t reproduce by themselves; require a host to
survive; no homeostasis
4. Lytic cycle: host cell doesn’t survive, virus replicates within cell and then releases; lysogenic
cycle: host cell continues to reproduce, DNA is integrated into host cell chromosome, crates
prophage/provirus.
5. Wash hands, etc.
6. Retrovirus (RNA -> DNA) HIV, pathogen (bacteria, viruses, fungi) (cause diseases),
prophage (bacteriophage)
BACTERIA
1. Unicellular, prokaryotes, cell wall with peptidoglycan
2. Prokaryote -> single-celled, no membrane-bound organelles; plasmids are pieces of DNA
that can replicated independently of cell’s DNA cycle.
3. Staphylo = grapes, Strepto = strips, coccus = sphere, spirillum = spiral, spirochaetes = coils,
bacillus (rod)
4. Obligate aerobe (requires O2), obligate anaerobe (requires no O2), facultative anaerobe
(both w/ and w/o), fermentation -> breaking down of carbohydrates without O2
5. Heterotroph (acquires energy from other organisms); parasite (benefits from another
organism’s expense); saprophyte (dead matter); autotroph (obtains energy by
itself/sunlight); chemosynthesis (obtains energy through chemical reactions in organic
matter/soil)
6. Binary fission = process of how bacteria reproduce; conjugation = transfer of plasmid DNA
between bacterium
7. Lag phase = bacteria getting used to environment; log phase = exponential growth;
stationary phase = bacteria running out of nutrients/room; death = exponential death
PROTISTS
1. Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi, mostly unicellular, motile, and obtain
energy through a variety of sources. No true tissues
2. Eukaryote (membrane-bound organelles)
3. Autotroph = obtains energy by itself, heterotroph = obtains energy through other organisms
4. Animal-like protozoans = motile, heterotrophs, plant-like (algae) = photosynthesis, fungi-
like, molds, obtain energy externally (saprobes absorptive heterotrophs)
FUNGI
1. Multicellular, eukaryotes, heterotrophic, cell wall made of chitin; no true roots stems leaves
2. Relationship that benefits both parties (glomeromycota)
3. No true stems, roots, leaves
4. Lichens are mutualistic that help cyanobacteria or green algae
, 5. Fermentation/food processing, production of penicillin, nutrient cycling
6. Spores allow fungi to survive harsh environments; sexual reproduction ensures genetic
diversity
PLANTAE
1. Roots, stems, leaves, flower, eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs
2. Waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, pollination
3. Diagram memorizing! Stamen = male part (filament and anther)
4. Angiosperms = seeds enclosed in fruit, gymnosperms = no seeds in fruit (scales/cones).
Monocot = 1 seed leaf (cotyledon), dicot = 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
5. Yeah
ANIMALS
1. Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic
2. Invertebrates =no backbone, vertebrates = backbone
3. Ectoderm = outermost germ layer; endoderm = innermost germ layer; mesoderm = inner
germ structures
4. Coelom = body cavity filled with fluid; tru coeloms are called coelomates; acoelomate = no
body cavity (flatworms); pseudocoelomate = body cavity only partially lines by mesoderm
(rotifers and nematodes)
5. Radial symmetry (around a central axis) (jellyfish, sea anaemones); bilateral symmetry
(humans, dogs, butterflies); asymmetry = sponges
CHORDATA
1. Notochord (flexible, rod-like structure that provides support); amniotic egg (waterproof
skin); post-anal tail (tail extending beyond anus); pharyngal slits?
2. Hair, milk, mostly live birth, four-chambered heart, endothermic
MEIOSIS
1. Know steps
2. Charles Darwin contributions = theory of natural selection, variation among individuals;
struggle for existence (population greater than can survive); command descent
3. Law of segregation = alleles are segregated before formation of gametes; law of
independent assortment = alleles of different genes distribute independently of one
another; law of dominance = more dominant allele is expressed in phenotype
4. Yep
5. Incomplete dominance = blend, codominance = mix/spots
6. Yeah
7. I HATE PEDIGREES
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Breathing involves the physical action of inhaling and exhaling air while respiration is the
chemical process of exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
,BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET ANSWERS
EVOLUTION
1. Evolution is change/time, process by which modern organisms descended from ancient
organisms
2. Fossils, similar/vestigial structures, embryology
3. DNA is found in the nucleus, (blueprint) contains instructions for function, development,
reproduction
4. DNA is a polymer that carries genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth,
and reproduction in organisms; nucleotides are sub-units of DNA; deoxyribose (pentose)
sugar and phosphate group are the backbone of double helix; nitrogenous base encode
genetic information; genes are sequences of triplets in DNA which contain instructions for
building proteins; chromosomes are tightly coiled bundles of DNA around histones.
5. DNA is a double helix supported by a phosphate backbone.
6. Bottleneck effect occurs when a sudden, drastic event dramatically decreases population
and changes allele frequencies. Founder effect occurs when a group of individuals establish
a new population with less genetic diversity.
7. Mutations are variations in genes/DNA; alleles are versions of genes; sexual reproduction
results in genetically diverse offspring; asexual reproduction results in genetically identical
offspring
8. DNA mutations provide the raw materials for natural selection, and variations create traits
that can evolve into adaptations if beneficial
9. In speciation, mutations must occur so that sexual reproduction is no longer successful
between two populations
10. Migration/gene flow is the movement of genes caused by individuals changing allele
frequencies. Genetic drift is natural movement of genes.
11. Darwin’s Finches are adaptive radiation; evolved into different niches; Peppered Moth is an
example of selective advantages; Bacterial Resistance is good example of natural selection
and variations
12. Gradualism happens gradually and over extended periods of time; punctuated equilibrium
occurs with sudden changes in short periods of times.
13. Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically divided; sympatric
speciation occur when geographically non-isolated populations are suddenly unable to
produce fertile offspring; new species appears suddenly
14. Selective adaptation are advantages a species has in a particular environment over other
species.
CLASSIFICATION
1. Organizes diversity; identifies relationships; predicts traits; reduces confusion (especially
lingual)
2. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Dear King Philip Came
Over For Good Soup)
3. Answers may vary :>
,VIRUSES
1. DNA enclosed within a protein coat (Capsid)
2. Head; collar; sheath; base plate; tail fibres
3. Viruses can’t make their own energy; can’t reproduce by themselves; require a host to
survive; no homeostasis
4. Lytic cycle: host cell doesn’t survive, virus replicates within cell and then releases; lysogenic
cycle: host cell continues to reproduce, DNA is integrated into host cell chromosome, crates
prophage/provirus.
5. Wash hands, etc.
6. Retrovirus (RNA -> DNA) HIV, pathogen (bacteria, viruses, fungi) (cause diseases),
prophage (bacteriophage)
BACTERIA
1. Unicellular, prokaryotes, cell wall with peptidoglycan
2. Prokaryote -> single-celled, no membrane-bound organelles; plasmids are pieces of DNA
that can replicated independently of cell’s DNA cycle.
3. Staphylo = grapes, Strepto = strips, coccus = sphere, spirillum = spiral, spirochaetes = coils,
bacillus (rod)
4. Obligate aerobe (requires O2), obligate anaerobe (requires no O2), facultative anaerobe
(both w/ and w/o), fermentation -> breaking down of carbohydrates without O2
5. Heterotroph (acquires energy from other organisms); parasite (benefits from another
organism’s expense); saprophyte (dead matter); autotroph (obtains energy by
itself/sunlight); chemosynthesis (obtains energy through chemical reactions in organic
matter/soil)
6. Binary fission = process of how bacteria reproduce; conjugation = transfer of plasmid DNA
between bacterium
7. Lag phase = bacteria getting used to environment; log phase = exponential growth;
stationary phase = bacteria running out of nutrients/room; death = exponential death
PROTISTS
1. Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi, mostly unicellular, motile, and obtain
energy through a variety of sources. No true tissues
2. Eukaryote (membrane-bound organelles)
3. Autotroph = obtains energy by itself, heterotroph = obtains energy through other organisms
4. Animal-like protozoans = motile, heterotrophs, plant-like (algae) = photosynthesis, fungi-
like, molds, obtain energy externally (saprobes absorptive heterotrophs)
FUNGI
1. Multicellular, eukaryotes, heterotrophic, cell wall made of chitin; no true roots stems leaves
2. Relationship that benefits both parties (glomeromycota)
3. No true stems, roots, leaves
4. Lichens are mutualistic that help cyanobacteria or green algae
, 5. Fermentation/food processing, production of penicillin, nutrient cycling
6. Spores allow fungi to survive harsh environments; sexual reproduction ensures genetic
diversity
PLANTAE
1. Roots, stems, leaves, flower, eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs
2. Waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, pollination
3. Diagram memorizing! Stamen = male part (filament and anther)
4. Angiosperms = seeds enclosed in fruit, gymnosperms = no seeds in fruit (scales/cones).
Monocot = 1 seed leaf (cotyledon), dicot = 2 seed leaves (cotyledons)
5. Yeah
ANIMALS
1. Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic
2. Invertebrates =no backbone, vertebrates = backbone
3. Ectoderm = outermost germ layer; endoderm = innermost germ layer; mesoderm = inner
germ structures
4. Coelom = body cavity filled with fluid; tru coeloms are called coelomates; acoelomate = no
body cavity (flatworms); pseudocoelomate = body cavity only partially lines by mesoderm
(rotifers and nematodes)
5. Radial symmetry (around a central axis) (jellyfish, sea anaemones); bilateral symmetry
(humans, dogs, butterflies); asymmetry = sponges
CHORDATA
1. Notochord (flexible, rod-like structure that provides support); amniotic egg (waterproof
skin); post-anal tail (tail extending beyond anus); pharyngal slits?
2. Hair, milk, mostly live birth, four-chambered heart, endothermic
MEIOSIS
1. Know steps
2. Charles Darwin contributions = theory of natural selection, variation among individuals;
struggle for existence (population greater than can survive); command descent
3. Law of segregation = alleles are segregated before formation of gametes; law of
independent assortment = alleles of different genes distribute independently of one
another; law of dominance = more dominant allele is expressed in phenotype
4. Yep
5. Incomplete dominance = blend, codominance = mix/spots
6. Yeah
7. I HATE PEDIGREES
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Breathing involves the physical action of inhaling and exhaling air while respiration is the
chemical process of exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
