DHN 311 MAIN EXAMINATION TEST 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Where is energy stored in ATP? - ✔✔in the bonds between the phosphates
✔✔Does 1 molecule of glucose or 1 molecule of palmitic acid make more ATP and
why? - ✔✔1 molecule of palmitic acid. There is a longer carbon chain in palmitic acid.
This gives it the ability to be more reduced than glucose. There are more hydrogens
available. In turn, this allows the acid to be more oxidized so that more ATP will come
from it.
✔✔What are the two ways that humans generate ATP? Which is major and which is
minor? - ✔✔Substrate level phosphorylation (minor)- direct synthesis of ATP from ADP
and a reactive intermediate. This intermediate is usually a high energy phosphate
containing molecule.
Phosphoeneolpyruvate + ADP --> Pyruvate + ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation (major)- oxidation of energy rich molecules, like carbs à CO2
and water, there is transport of electrons that lose much of their free energy. The free
energy is captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and Pi.
✔✔During stage 1 of cellular respiration what is generated following the oxidation of
proteins, fats and carbohydrates? - ✔✔Acetyl CoA
✔✔During stage 2 of cellular respiration all of the acetyl Coa generated from the
oxidation of fats, carbs and amino acids during stage 1 then enters the Krebs cycle
(also known as the TCA cycle and Citric Acid Cycle). During stage 2, _______ are
generated during the Krebs cycle, which make their way to the Electron Transport
Chain. - ✔✔electron carriers and reducing agents
✔✔During stage 3, the reducing equivalents are used to create a proton gradient as
well as energy from the electrons participating in oxidative-_________ reactions. The
energy from the redox reactions is used to generate ATP during oxidative
phosphorylation. - ✔✔oxidative reduction
✔✔Two molecules of ______ is generated from glycolysis which then goes on to
participate in a reaction to generate acetyl CoA. - ✔✔pyruvate
✔✔Which steps of glycolysis uses ATP? - ✔✔Steps 1 and 3. ENERGY INVESTMENT
PHASE
✔✔Where does glycolysis occur? - ✔✔cytosol
✔✔Which steps of glycolysis generates energy and is an example of substrate level
phosphorylation? - ✔✔Steps 7 and 10. ENERGY GENERATION PHASE.
, ✔✔Glycolysis is a ______ (catabolic or anabolic process) because it breaks down
______. - ✔✔catabolic, glucose
✔✔In anaerobic glycolysis, oxygen is not available which means the availability of the
coenzyme, NAD+, is in limited supply to catalyze the reaction of glyceraldehyde 3-P to
1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate. NAD+ is needed to participate in a __________ reaction. If
oxygen is not available, then NAD+ cannot participate in a redox reaction. NAD+ is in
short supply because the ETC is not active in times of decreased oxygen supply. If the
ETC is not running, then NAD+ is not being generated from the ETC and is not available
for use in glycolysis. So instead, NAD is generated from the reduction of pyruvate to
_____. - ✔✔NAD+ is needed to participate in a redox reaction. NAD+ is generated from
the reduction of pyruvate to lactate.
✔✔More energy is derived from aerobic glycolysis because NADH is generated which
goes to the _____ to generate 3 ATP. During anaerobic glycolysis the NADH that is
generated is used in the redox reaction of pyruvate to lactate and therefore does not
travel to ETC to generate ATP. - ✔✔ETC
✔✔Which steps of glycolysis are irreversible and why? - ✔✔Steps 1, 3, and 10. They
are irreversible because of the energy barrier.
✔✔The availability of _____ regulates the activity of glucokinase and hexokinase. -
✔✔glucose
✔✔Glucokinase and hexokinase add a ____ to glucose to make glucose-6-phosphate. -
✔✔phosphate
✔✔_____ is located in most tissues and has a low Km. Which means it is activated at
low glucose concentrations. - ✔✔Hexokinase
✔✔______ is located in the liver and pancreas and has a high Km. Which means it is
activated at high glucose concentrations, which is good because the high
concentrations of glucose will activate fatty acid synthesis in the liver and the release of
insulin from the pancreas. These only occur when glucose concentrations are high. -
✔✔Glucokinase
✔✔AMP and fructose 2,6-bis-phosphate are _____ (positive or negative) effectors of
PFK-1. - ✔✔positive
✔✔ATP and citrate indicate high energy levels. They are (positive or negative) inhibitors
of PFK-1. - ✔✔negative
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Where is energy stored in ATP? - ✔✔in the bonds between the phosphates
✔✔Does 1 molecule of glucose or 1 molecule of palmitic acid make more ATP and
why? - ✔✔1 molecule of palmitic acid. There is a longer carbon chain in palmitic acid.
This gives it the ability to be more reduced than glucose. There are more hydrogens
available. In turn, this allows the acid to be more oxidized so that more ATP will come
from it.
✔✔What are the two ways that humans generate ATP? Which is major and which is
minor? - ✔✔Substrate level phosphorylation (minor)- direct synthesis of ATP from ADP
and a reactive intermediate. This intermediate is usually a high energy phosphate
containing molecule.
Phosphoeneolpyruvate + ADP --> Pyruvate + ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation (major)- oxidation of energy rich molecules, like carbs à CO2
and water, there is transport of electrons that lose much of their free energy. The free
energy is captured and stored by the production of ATP from ADP and Pi.
✔✔During stage 1 of cellular respiration what is generated following the oxidation of
proteins, fats and carbohydrates? - ✔✔Acetyl CoA
✔✔During stage 2 of cellular respiration all of the acetyl Coa generated from the
oxidation of fats, carbs and amino acids during stage 1 then enters the Krebs cycle
(also known as the TCA cycle and Citric Acid Cycle). During stage 2, _______ are
generated during the Krebs cycle, which make their way to the Electron Transport
Chain. - ✔✔electron carriers and reducing agents
✔✔During stage 3, the reducing equivalents are used to create a proton gradient as
well as energy from the electrons participating in oxidative-_________ reactions. The
energy from the redox reactions is used to generate ATP during oxidative
phosphorylation. - ✔✔oxidative reduction
✔✔Two molecules of ______ is generated from glycolysis which then goes on to
participate in a reaction to generate acetyl CoA. - ✔✔pyruvate
✔✔Which steps of glycolysis uses ATP? - ✔✔Steps 1 and 3. ENERGY INVESTMENT
PHASE
✔✔Where does glycolysis occur? - ✔✔cytosol
✔✔Which steps of glycolysis generates energy and is an example of substrate level
phosphorylation? - ✔✔Steps 7 and 10. ENERGY GENERATION PHASE.
, ✔✔Glycolysis is a ______ (catabolic or anabolic process) because it breaks down
______. - ✔✔catabolic, glucose
✔✔In anaerobic glycolysis, oxygen is not available which means the availability of the
coenzyme, NAD+, is in limited supply to catalyze the reaction of glyceraldehyde 3-P to
1,3 bis-phosphoglycerate. NAD+ is needed to participate in a __________ reaction. If
oxygen is not available, then NAD+ cannot participate in a redox reaction. NAD+ is in
short supply because the ETC is not active in times of decreased oxygen supply. If the
ETC is not running, then NAD+ is not being generated from the ETC and is not available
for use in glycolysis. So instead, NAD is generated from the reduction of pyruvate to
_____. - ✔✔NAD+ is needed to participate in a redox reaction. NAD+ is generated from
the reduction of pyruvate to lactate.
✔✔More energy is derived from aerobic glycolysis because NADH is generated which
goes to the _____ to generate 3 ATP. During anaerobic glycolysis the NADH that is
generated is used in the redox reaction of pyruvate to lactate and therefore does not
travel to ETC to generate ATP. - ✔✔ETC
✔✔Which steps of glycolysis are irreversible and why? - ✔✔Steps 1, 3, and 10. They
are irreversible because of the energy barrier.
✔✔The availability of _____ regulates the activity of glucokinase and hexokinase. -
✔✔glucose
✔✔Glucokinase and hexokinase add a ____ to glucose to make glucose-6-phosphate. -
✔✔phosphate
✔✔_____ is located in most tissues and has a low Km. Which means it is activated at
low glucose concentrations. - ✔✔Hexokinase
✔✔______ is located in the liver and pancreas and has a high Km. Which means it is
activated at high glucose concentrations, which is good because the high
concentrations of glucose will activate fatty acid synthesis in the liver and the release of
insulin from the pancreas. These only occur when glucose concentrations are high. -
✔✔Glucokinase
✔✔AMP and fructose 2,6-bis-phosphate are _____ (positive or negative) effectors of
PFK-1. - ✔✔positive
✔✔ATP and citrate indicate high energy levels. They are (positive or negative) inhibitors
of PFK-1. - ✔✔negative
