AQA A-Level Physical Chemistry
1 - ANS-relative mass of a proton
1 - ANS-relative mass of a neutron
1/1840 - ANS-relative mass of an electron
+1 - ANS-relative charge of a proton
0 - ANS-relative charge of a neutron
-1 - ANS-Relative charge of an electron
strong nuclear force - ANS-How is the nucleus held together
nuclear force - ANS-is the nuclear force or electrostatic force stronger
number of protons - ANS-what does the atomic number represent
atomic number z - ANS-the number of protons in an atom
number of protons and neutrons - ANS-what does the mass number represent
mass number (A) - ANS-the number of nucleons in an atom
isotopes - ANS-atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
electrons - ANS-what determines the reactivity of an atom
H1/H2/H3 - ANS-hydrogen isotopes
Cl35/Cl37 - ANS-Chlorine isotopes
Br79/Br81 - ANS-Bromine isotopes
C-14 - ANS-Carbon isotope used for carbon dating
2 - ANS-Number of electrons the first shell can hold
8 - ANS-Number of electrons the second shell can hold
18 - ANS-Number of electrons the third shell can hold
,Relative Atomic Mass - ANS-Ar
Relative Atomic Mass - ANS-average mass of 1 atom/1/12 of 1 atom of C-12
determines the mass of separate atoms - ANS-What does the mass spectrometer do?
Vacuum - ANS-First step of the TOF Spectrometer
Time of Flight Mass spectrometer - ANS-TOF spectrometer full
Kept under a high vacuum to avoid collisions with air molecules - ANS-Vacuum step (TOF)
Ionisation - ANS-Second step of the TOF spectrometer
Dissolved in solvent and passing through needle to a positive terminal with a high voltage
producing positively charged droplets which have lost electrons - ANS-First method of ionisation
(TOF)
Molecules gain a proton - ANS-Second method of ionisation (TOF)
Acceleration - ANS-Third step of the TOF spectrometer
Positive ions attached to a negative plate so they accelerate towards it, faster depending on
their m/z ratio - ANS-Acceleration step (TOF)
mass/charge - ANS-m/z ratio
Ion Drift - ANS-Fourth step of the TOF spectrometer
Ions pass through a hole in the negative plate, forming a beam to travel along the flight tube to
the detector - ANS-Ion Drift step (TOF)
Detection - ANS-Fifth step of the TOF spectrometer
Ions with highest velocities arrive at the detector first and flight times recorded. Ions pick up an
electron which causes a current to flow so they are detected - ANS-Detection step (TOF)
Data Analaysis - ANS-Sixth step of the TOF spectrometer
signal from the detector goes to a computer which generates the mass spectrum - ANS-Data
Analysis step (TOF)
Identify the abundance of different isotopes - ANS-What can the mass spectrometer do
, abundance - ANS-what does the height of a peak on a mass spectrum give
m/z - ANS-what does the horizontal axis on a mass spectrum give
(abundance x m/z) + (abundance x m/z) all over total abundance - ANS-How to work out the Ar
of an element from a mass spectrum
2n2 - ANS-General formula for the maximum number of electrons each energy level can hold
s,p,d,f - ANS-four different atomic sub-levels
s - ANS-Which sub-levels does the first shell contain
s,p - ANS-Which sub-levels does the second shell contain
s,p,d - ANS-Which sub-levels does the third shell contain
2 - ANS-Number of electrons the s sub-level can hold
6 - ANS-Number of electrons the p sub-level can hold
3 - ANS-Maximum number of p-orbitals per shell
10 - ANS-Number of electrons the d sub-level can hold
5 - ANS-Maximum number of d-orbitals per shell
s-orbital - ANS-
p-orbital - ANS-
Atomic orbital - ANS-A region of space around an atomic nucleus where there is a high
probability (95%) of finding an electron
cloud of negative charge - ANS-what are electrons if not a solid particle
It has a lower energy (fills before the 3d) - ANS-what property does the 4d shell have compared
to the 3d and what does this mean
opposite spins - ANS-what must two electrons in the same orbital have
First rule of allocating electrons to atomic orbitals - ANS-Atomic orbitals of lower energies are
filled first (same goes for sub-levels)
1 - ANS-relative mass of a proton
1 - ANS-relative mass of a neutron
1/1840 - ANS-relative mass of an electron
+1 - ANS-relative charge of a proton
0 - ANS-relative charge of a neutron
-1 - ANS-Relative charge of an electron
strong nuclear force - ANS-How is the nucleus held together
nuclear force - ANS-is the nuclear force or electrostatic force stronger
number of protons - ANS-what does the atomic number represent
atomic number z - ANS-the number of protons in an atom
number of protons and neutrons - ANS-what does the mass number represent
mass number (A) - ANS-the number of nucleons in an atom
isotopes - ANS-atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
electrons - ANS-what determines the reactivity of an atom
H1/H2/H3 - ANS-hydrogen isotopes
Cl35/Cl37 - ANS-Chlorine isotopes
Br79/Br81 - ANS-Bromine isotopes
C-14 - ANS-Carbon isotope used for carbon dating
2 - ANS-Number of electrons the first shell can hold
8 - ANS-Number of electrons the second shell can hold
18 - ANS-Number of electrons the third shell can hold
,Relative Atomic Mass - ANS-Ar
Relative Atomic Mass - ANS-average mass of 1 atom/1/12 of 1 atom of C-12
determines the mass of separate atoms - ANS-What does the mass spectrometer do?
Vacuum - ANS-First step of the TOF Spectrometer
Time of Flight Mass spectrometer - ANS-TOF spectrometer full
Kept under a high vacuum to avoid collisions with air molecules - ANS-Vacuum step (TOF)
Ionisation - ANS-Second step of the TOF spectrometer
Dissolved in solvent and passing through needle to a positive terminal with a high voltage
producing positively charged droplets which have lost electrons - ANS-First method of ionisation
(TOF)
Molecules gain a proton - ANS-Second method of ionisation (TOF)
Acceleration - ANS-Third step of the TOF spectrometer
Positive ions attached to a negative plate so they accelerate towards it, faster depending on
their m/z ratio - ANS-Acceleration step (TOF)
mass/charge - ANS-m/z ratio
Ion Drift - ANS-Fourth step of the TOF spectrometer
Ions pass through a hole in the negative plate, forming a beam to travel along the flight tube to
the detector - ANS-Ion Drift step (TOF)
Detection - ANS-Fifth step of the TOF spectrometer
Ions with highest velocities arrive at the detector first and flight times recorded. Ions pick up an
electron which causes a current to flow so they are detected - ANS-Detection step (TOF)
Data Analaysis - ANS-Sixth step of the TOF spectrometer
signal from the detector goes to a computer which generates the mass spectrum - ANS-Data
Analysis step (TOF)
Identify the abundance of different isotopes - ANS-What can the mass spectrometer do
, abundance - ANS-what does the height of a peak on a mass spectrum give
m/z - ANS-what does the horizontal axis on a mass spectrum give
(abundance x m/z) + (abundance x m/z) all over total abundance - ANS-How to work out the Ar
of an element from a mass spectrum
2n2 - ANS-General formula for the maximum number of electrons each energy level can hold
s,p,d,f - ANS-four different atomic sub-levels
s - ANS-Which sub-levels does the first shell contain
s,p - ANS-Which sub-levels does the second shell contain
s,p,d - ANS-Which sub-levels does the third shell contain
2 - ANS-Number of electrons the s sub-level can hold
6 - ANS-Number of electrons the p sub-level can hold
3 - ANS-Maximum number of p-orbitals per shell
10 - ANS-Number of electrons the d sub-level can hold
5 - ANS-Maximum number of d-orbitals per shell
s-orbital - ANS-
p-orbital - ANS-
Atomic orbital - ANS-A region of space around an atomic nucleus where there is a high
probability (95%) of finding an electron
cloud of negative charge - ANS-what are electrons if not a solid particle
It has a lower energy (fills before the 3d) - ANS-what property does the 4d shell have compared
to the 3d and what does this mean
opposite spins - ANS-what must two electrons in the same orbital have
First rule of allocating electrons to atomic orbitals - ANS-Atomic orbitals of lower energies are
filled first (same goes for sub-levels)
