NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
Capillary Exchange - Manifestations - ANSWER Fluid moves into and out of capillaries and the
surrounding interstitial fluid according to hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and capillary
permeability. Hydrostatic pressure is a "push force". When the pressure from fluid volume in one fluid
compartment is higher than in the neighboring fluid compartment, the compartment with higher
pressure (higher hydrostatic pressure) will "push" fluid into the neighboring compartment. Osmotic
pressure is a "pull" force. Osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of solutes in fluid
compartments. If there is a high concentration of solute in one compartment compared to the
neighboring fluid compartment, fluid will be "pulled" into the compartment with more solute (the
compartment with higher osmotic pressure). Changes to capillary permeability alter the impact of
hydrostatic and osmostic forces. Increased capillary permeability increases ability of fluid to move out of
capillary.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - PATHO - ANSWER A cellular growth that's no longer responding to body
controls. The cells continue to grow even when there is no longer a need for them to do so. This
deprives other cells of nutrients. Normal organization, growth inhibition, contact controls, and cell-cell
communication are absent. this expanding mass compresses nearby blood vessels, leading to necrosis
and an inflammation around the tumor as well as increasing pressure on surrounding structures.Benign
tumors usually consist of differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher than normal rate. It is often
encapsulated and expands but does not spread (metasize). Malignant tumors are usually made up of
undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not appear organized. They often show abnormal mitotic
figures. They infiltrate or spread into surrounding tissues and may easily metastasize or break away to
spread to other organs and structures.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Manifestations - ANSWER 1. Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in
the body
2. change in bowel or bladder habits
3. change in a wart or a mole
4. a sore that does not heal
5. unexplained weight loss
6. anemia, low hemoglobin, or persistent fatigue
7. persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
,NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
8. a solid lump, often painless.- Pain is not normally a symptom until the tumor is in its advanced stages.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Complications - ANSWER - With any tumor, tissue damage can result from
compression of adjacent structures such as blood vessels, which leads to necrosis.- Pain (once in
advanced stages)- obstruction of ducts, tubes, vessels, or tracts- tissue necrosis may lead to infection
around the tumor or ulceration- weight loss and cachexia- anemia or severe fatigue- bleeding-
paraneoplastic syndromes
A tumor can obstruct the following structures:
(Select all that apply)A. Lymphatic ducts
B. Digestive Tract
C. Blood vessels
D. Bronchial ducts
E. Nerve conduction - ANSWER ALL - Every one of these has been proven to be obstructed by a
neoplastic tumor at some point.
Hypertension - PATHO - ANSWER Mechanisms: In essential hypertension, there is an increase in
arteriolar vasoconstriction. A slight decrease in the diameter of the arterioles causes a major increase in
peripheral resistance, reduces the capacity of the system, and increases the diastolic pressure or
afterload substantially.
Causes: High sodium intake, excess alcohol intake, obesity, prolonged stress.
Risk factors: Incidence increases with age. Men are more frequently affected. African Americans have a
higher incidence.
Hypertension - Manifestations - ANSWER Hypertension is frequently asymptomatic in the early stages
and signs are vague and nonspecific. These vague signs can be: fatigue, malaise, morning headache
Hypertension - Complications - ANSWER Over a long period of time, the increased blood pressure causes
damage to the arterial walls. They become hard and thick, narrowing the lumen. The wall may tear,
forming an aneurysm, or encourage atheroma formation. Blood supply is reduced.
A patient has Diabetic nephropathy, what could this lead to?
,NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
A: Systemic vasodilation
B: Hemophilia A
C: Increased renin secretion
D: Decreased renin secretion - ANSWER C: Increased renin secretionThis is due to decreased blood flow
to the kidneys. The kidneys realize their is not enough pressure coming to them so they begin the RAAS
system so increase blood pressure. This lead to systemic vasoconstriction and also increased blood
volume.
Cholelithiasis - PATHO - ANSWER Cholelithiasis:
- formation of calculi (gallstones)
- the gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the stomach to aid in digestion
- this is impaired if calculi fill the gallbladder
- stones form in result of accumulation of cholesterol, bile, bilirubin, and calcium salts
- Risk Factors include: Being female, high cholesterol intake, Obesity, Multiparity, Oral contraceptive use,
hemolytic anemia (bilirubin accumulation), alcoholic cirrhosis, and biliary tract infection (4 F's: Fat,
Fertile, Female, Forty/Family History)
Choledocholithiasis - PATHO - ANSWER Choledocholithiasis:
- Obstruction of a duct by calculi
- Causes sudden/severe waves of pain (colicky) with radiating pain to the subscapular area and upper
right shoulder, Nausea/Vomiting, Intolerance to fatty foods
- Risk factors are similar to Cholelithiasis since this is is a secondary issue to that
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Manifestations - ANSWER Obstruction of a duct by calculi, colicky
with radiating pain to subscapular area or right upper shoulder, fatty food intolerance
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Complications - ANSWER Cholecystitis, Acute Pancreatitis,
Cholangitis
Which patient is most at risk for Cholelithiasis?
, NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
A: A 20-year-old male who exercises daily and strictly watches his diet
B: A 40-year-old female who has 5 children and has decided to use oral contraceptives
C: A 10-year-old female with newly-developed hypotension
D: A 15 year-old male who has been experiencing periods of dizziness over the past few days and has
not taken medication for it - ANSWER B is correct. The information included in this answer that indicates
risk for cholelithiasis is the fact that she has multiparity and her use of oral contraceptives. All of the
other answer choices do not contain risk factors related to calculi formation.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - PATHO - ANSWER This condition involves excessive
bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous primary problems, which
activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the body. The primary conditions
causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or injury to the endothelial cells, causing
platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the
available clotting factors which results in hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary
conditions that can cause DIC include: obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major
trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Maifestations - ANSWER This condition involves excessive
bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous primary problems, which
activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the body. The primary conditions
causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or injury to the endothelial cells, causing
platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the
available clotting factors which results in hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary
conditions that can cause DIC include: obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major
trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Complications - ANSWER Ischemia and multiple
infarctions excessive bleeding and hemorrhageand organ failure
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is a condition that is often life threatening, this condition can
arise from different physiologic problems, which one of the answers below is not a primary reason for
DIC
a) extensive endothelial damage
b) release of tissue thromboplastin
RATED A+ solutions.
NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
Capillary Exchange - Manifestations - ANSWER Fluid moves into and out of capillaries and the
surrounding interstitial fluid according to hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and capillary
permeability. Hydrostatic pressure is a "push force". When the pressure from fluid volume in one fluid
compartment is higher than in the neighboring fluid compartment, the compartment with higher
pressure (higher hydrostatic pressure) will "push" fluid into the neighboring compartment. Osmotic
pressure is a "pull" force. Osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of solutes in fluid
compartments. If there is a high concentration of solute in one compartment compared to the
neighboring fluid compartment, fluid will be "pulled" into the compartment with more solute (the
compartment with higher osmotic pressure). Changes to capillary permeability alter the impact of
hydrostatic and osmostic forces. Increased capillary permeability increases ability of fluid to move out of
capillary.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - PATHO - ANSWER A cellular growth that's no longer responding to body
controls. The cells continue to grow even when there is no longer a need for them to do so. This
deprives other cells of nutrients. Normal organization, growth inhibition, contact controls, and cell-cell
communication are absent. this expanding mass compresses nearby blood vessels, leading to necrosis
and an inflammation around the tumor as well as increasing pressure on surrounding structures.Benign
tumors usually consist of differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher than normal rate. It is often
encapsulated and expands but does not spread (metasize). Malignant tumors are usually made up of
undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells that do not appear organized. They often show abnormal mitotic
figures. They infiltrate or spread into surrounding tissues and may easily metastasize or break away to
spread to other organs and structures.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Manifestations - ANSWER 1. Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere in
the body
2. change in bowel or bladder habits
3. change in a wart or a mole
4. a sore that does not heal
5. unexplained weight loss
6. anemia, low hemoglobin, or persistent fatigue
7. persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
,NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
8. a solid lump, often painless.- Pain is not normally a symptom until the tumor is in its advanced stages.
Benign vs Malignant tumors - Complications - ANSWER - With any tumor, tissue damage can result from
compression of adjacent structures such as blood vessels, which leads to necrosis.- Pain (once in
advanced stages)- obstruction of ducts, tubes, vessels, or tracts- tissue necrosis may lead to infection
around the tumor or ulceration- weight loss and cachexia- anemia or severe fatigue- bleeding-
paraneoplastic syndromes
A tumor can obstruct the following structures:
(Select all that apply)A. Lymphatic ducts
B. Digestive Tract
C. Blood vessels
D. Bronchial ducts
E. Nerve conduction - ANSWER ALL - Every one of these has been proven to be obstructed by a
neoplastic tumor at some point.
Hypertension - PATHO - ANSWER Mechanisms: In essential hypertension, there is an increase in
arteriolar vasoconstriction. A slight decrease in the diameter of the arterioles causes a major increase in
peripheral resistance, reduces the capacity of the system, and increases the diastolic pressure or
afterload substantially.
Causes: High sodium intake, excess alcohol intake, obesity, prolonged stress.
Risk factors: Incidence increases with age. Men are more frequently affected. African Americans have a
higher incidence.
Hypertension - Manifestations - ANSWER Hypertension is frequently asymptomatic in the early stages
and signs are vague and nonspecific. These vague signs can be: fatigue, malaise, morning headache
Hypertension - Complications - ANSWER Over a long period of time, the increased blood pressure causes
damage to the arterial walls. They become hard and thick, narrowing the lumen. The wall may tear,
forming an aneurysm, or encourage atheroma formation. Blood supply is reduced.
A patient has Diabetic nephropathy, what could this lead to?
,NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
A: Systemic vasodilation
B: Hemophilia A
C: Increased renin secretion
D: Decreased renin secretion - ANSWER C: Increased renin secretionThis is due to decreased blood flow
to the kidneys. The kidneys realize their is not enough pressure coming to them so they begin the RAAS
system so increase blood pressure. This lead to systemic vasoconstriction and also increased blood
volume.
Cholelithiasis - PATHO - ANSWER Cholelithiasis:
- formation of calculi (gallstones)
- the gallbladder stores bile and releases it into the stomach to aid in digestion
- this is impaired if calculi fill the gallbladder
- stones form in result of accumulation of cholesterol, bile, bilirubin, and calcium salts
- Risk Factors include: Being female, high cholesterol intake, Obesity, Multiparity, Oral contraceptive use,
hemolytic anemia (bilirubin accumulation), alcoholic cirrhosis, and biliary tract infection (4 F's: Fat,
Fertile, Female, Forty/Family History)
Choledocholithiasis - PATHO - ANSWER Choledocholithiasis:
- Obstruction of a duct by calculi
- Causes sudden/severe waves of pain (colicky) with radiating pain to the subscapular area and upper
right shoulder, Nausea/Vomiting, Intolerance to fatty foods
- Risk factors are similar to Cholelithiasis since this is is a secondary issue to that
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Manifestations - ANSWER Obstruction of a duct by calculi, colicky
with radiating pain to subscapular area or right upper shoulder, fatty food intolerance
Cholelithiasis/Choledocholithiasis - Complications - ANSWER Cholecystitis, Acute Pancreatitis,
Cholangitis
Which patient is most at risk for Cholelithiasis?
, NUR 355 Final Exam 242 COMPLETE
RATED A+ solutions.
A: A 20-year-old male who exercises daily and strictly watches his diet
B: A 40-year-old female who has 5 children and has decided to use oral contraceptives
C: A 10-year-old female with newly-developed hypotension
D: A 15 year-old male who has been experiencing periods of dizziness over the past few days and has
not taken medication for it - ANSWER B is correct. The information included in this answer that indicates
risk for cholelithiasis is the fact that she has multiparity and her use of oral contraceptives. All of the
other answer choices do not contain risk factors related to calculi formation.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - PATHO - ANSWER This condition involves excessive
bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous primary problems, which
activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the body. The primary conditions
causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or injury to the endothelial cells, causing
platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the
available clotting factors which results in hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary
conditions that can cause DIC include: obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major
trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Maifestations - ANSWER This condition involves excessive
bleeding and excessive coagulation, it occurs from a complication of numerous primary problems, which
activate the clotting process in the micro circulation throughout the body. The primary conditions
causing DIC can trigger the release of tissue thromboplastin or injury to the endothelial cells, causing
platelet adhesion. This process causes multiple thromboses and infarctions but also consumes the
available clotting factors which results in hemorrhage, hypotension or shock. Examples of primary
conditions that can cause DIC include: obstetric complications (like placental abruption), infection, major
trauma, and cancer.
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) - Complications - ANSWER Ischemia and multiple
infarctions excessive bleeding and hemorrhageand organ failure
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is a condition that is often life threatening, this condition can
arise from different physiologic problems, which one of the answers below is not a primary reason for
DIC
a) extensive endothelial damage
b) release of tissue thromboplastin
