TAMU BIOL 320 Test 1 Questions and Answers correct

TAMU BIOL 320 Test 1 Questions and Answers correct Describe the basic functions of simple squamous tissue. - Areas requiring passive diffusion - Areas not requiring much protection Found in kidneys, serosae, and linings Describe the basic functions of simple cuboidal tissue. Secretion and absorption Ovaries Describe the basic functions of simple collumnar tissue. - Secretion of ENZYMES and lubes - Propulsion of stuffs (cilliated) Digestive system and resp. system Describe the basic functions of pseudostratified collumnar tissue. Areas requiring mucous production Describe the basic functions of stratified squamous tissue. PROTECTION especially in areas with a lot of abrasion Oral cavity and anus Describe the basic functions of transitional tissue. STRETCHING Differentiate between neural and endocrine signal strength conveyance Endocrine: Concentration of hormone Neural: Frequency of impulse What are the three ways hormone release is controlled? - Humoral - Hormonal - Neural Describe up regulation Upon binding to a hormone, a cell will produce more receptors for that hormone Describe down regulation Upon binding to a hormone, a cell will destroy existing receptors for that hormone What type(s) of hormones are lipid soluble? Steroid hormones Steroid hormones are produced by what two major glands? Gonads and the adrenal cortex Steroid hormones are derived from _________. Cholesterol What type(s) of hormones are water soluble? Protein and biogenic Protein hormones are derived from ______. Amino acids EXCEPT FOR THYROID HORMONE Thyroid hormone behaved most like a _________ type hormone. Steroid ________ soluble hormones tend to have longer half lives. Lipid What two organs are largely responsible for removing hormones from the system? Kidneys: Filter hormones out Liver: Breaks hormones down Briefly describe synergistic hormones. Hormone A + Hormone B = Larger effect than the simple summation of the two hormones (almost like they are multiplied by one another) Briefly describe permissive hormones. Hormone A requires the presence of Hormone B to be active/effective Briefly describe antagonistic hormones. Hormone A negates the effects of Hormone B and vice versa _________ is the adenohypophysis. Anterior pituitary __________ is the neurohypophysis. Posterior pituitary Which section of the pituitary is more neural in function and which is more hormonal in function? Adenohypophysis (anterior) = Hormonal Neurohypophysis (posterior) = Neural What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland? Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone Explain the GHRH pathway 1) Hypothalamus releases GHRH to ant. pit. 2) Ant. pit. releases GH to body 3) GH affect all body tissues Explain the GnRH pathway 1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH to ant. pit. 2) Ant. pit. releases gonadotropins (LH and FSH) 3a) LH targets ovary 3b) FSH targets testes 3c) Both LH and FSH promote follicular maturation Explain the PRH pathway 1) Hypothalamus releases PRH to ant. pit. 2) Ant. pit. releases PRL 3) PRL target mammary tissue Explain the TRH pathway 1) Hypothalamus releases TRH to the ant. pit. 2) Ant. pit releases TSH to the thyroid 3) Thyroid releases T3 and T4 The paraventricular nucleus releases what hormone? Oxytocin The supraoptic nucleus releases what hormones? ADH and AVP (vasopressin) What effects do AVP and ADH have on the body? Cause kidneys to release less H2O = increase BP Which form of diabetes presents glucose in the urine? Diabetes mellitus What is the effect of somatostatin on the body? Shuts down the release of GH GH causes what changes in the body? Shifts energy sources: "glucose sparing" Too much GH AFTER the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called _________. Acromegally Too much GH BEFORE the growth plates seal leads to a disorder called _________. Gigantism Not enough GH during development leads to a group of disorders called _________. Dwarfism GH release pattern is described as being __________. Dinural: Its release picks up around 8pm and peaks around 11pm AcTH is also known as _______. Corticotropin What is the name of the structure that connects the lobes of the thyroid gland? Isthmus What are the types of cells on the thyroid gland? Follicular cells and parafollicular cells What hormones are released by follicular cells of the thyroid? T3 and T4 What are the full names for T3 and T4 respectively? Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine What hormones are released by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland? Calcitonin How does calcitonin work in the body? Increases osteoBlast activity and supresses osteoClast activity Myxedemia is more commonly known as ________. Hypothyroidism What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism? - Goiter - Weight gain - depressed HR - Puffy eyes Graves disease is also called _________. Hyperthyroidism What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? - Too hot - Agitated - Eyes buggin out Hyperthyroidism is often cause by a ___________ disorder. Autoimmune What hormones are produced by the parathyroid glands? Parathyroid hormone What does PTH do? Acts agnostically to calcitonin (increases blood [Ca]) What is the main blood [Ca] regulation technique? - Too much [Ca] = more calcitonin and less PTH release - Not enough [Ca] = less calcitonin and more PTH release What glands are more active when blood [Ca] is A) too low and B) too high? A) Parathyroid B) Thyroid What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex from least to most deep? - Zona glomerulosa - Zona fasciculata - Zona reticularis The zona glomerulosa produces which hormones? Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) The adrenal medulla produces what hormones? Epinephrine What is the function of aldosterone in the body? Causes kidney tubules to reabsorb more Na leading to an increased BP What is the cascade that occurs when blood [Na] is down and or blood [K] is up? 1) Kidneys release renin 2) Renin triggers release of angiotensin 1 3) Angiotensin 1 triggers release of angiotensin 2 4) Angiotensin 2 triggers adrenal cortex to release aldosterone 5) Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to increase [Na] reuptake ANP inhibits the release of what hormone? Aldosterone What are the two types of mineralcorticoids? - Glucocorticoid - Gonadocorticoids What are the purposes of glucocorticoids? Ensure the brain has sufficient glucose by promoting: - Glucogenisis - Fat mobilization - Protein breakdown Which age groups are most affected by gonadotropins? Menopausal women and pre-pubescent What are the underlying causes of Addison's disease? Too low aldosterone and cortisol What are the symptoms of Addison's disease? - Chronic dehydration - Hypertension - Bronze skin What causes the bronzing of the skin for people with Addison's disease? Low cortisol = too much CRH = increased melanin production If a disease is caused by medical interference with normal body functions, the disease is said to be __________. Iantrogenic Cushing's disease is caused by ________. Too high levels of cortisol What are the symptoms of Cushing's disease? - High blood glucose levels - Wasting - Moon face - Buffalo hump - DEPRESSED IMMUNE FUNCTION Why might a doctor induce Cushing's disease in a patient? Depress their immune function for an organ transplant