Obesity of Exam 3 - University of Iowa
with Complete Solutions
Behavioral Treatment - ANS-first line of therapy, help individual develop skills to achieve
healthier things, focuses both on the 'what to change' and the 'how to change'
Characteristics of behavioral treatment for obesity - ANS-1. Goal directed
2. Process oriented
3. Advocates small changes
Treatment facilitated with many behavioral tools - ANS-1. self-monitoring and goal
setting
2. stimulus control
3. problem-solving
4. cognitive restructuring
5. contingency management
Self-monitoring - ANS-consists of recording diet and physical activity, builds self-
awareness of true behaviors, helps self-evaluation; a significant association between
self-monitoring and weight loss has been consistently reported
Stimulus control - ANS-learn to identify stimuli that encourages incidental eating,
enables individuals to limit exposure to high-risk situations, stimulus control sounded in
classical conditioning; associative learning process in which cue is linked to behavior
Problem-solving - ANS-identify root problems and identify solutions; self-corrections -
1. identify problem
2. brainstorm alternative solutions
3. choose alternative solution
4. plan and implement healthier alternative
5. evaluate effectiveness of plan
Cognitive restructuring - ANS-restructuring negative thinking to positive and supportive;
unrealistic goals and inaccurate beliefs about weight loss and body image need to be
modified to help change self-defeating thoughts
Contingency management - ANS-behavior can be changed by use of rewards for
specific actions - a behavior that is reinforced in close temporal proximity to its
occurrence will increase in frequency, based on operant conditioning
Postive reinforcement - ANS-lose weight --> feel better --> continue diet/activity
, Negative reinforcement - ANS-increase activity --> feel sore --> discontinue
Group treatment - ANS-typically delivered in groups (social support), patient self-
monitors past weeks behaviors and sets goals for next week, discuss progress with
group and problem solve solutions
Challenge of treatment - ANS-focus on positive behaviors rather than outcomes and
focus on long term vs short term
Evidence statement from NHLBI - ANS-no single method or combination of behavioral
methods proved to be clearly superior, various strategies can be used
The Endocrine Society (2015) - ANS-diet, exercise, and behavioral modification should
be in all obesity management approaches for BMI of >25 kg/m^2
Psychological consequences of chronic dieting - ANS-depression, anger, food
preoccupation, diminished body image, low self-esteem
Cognitive impairments due to chronic dieting - ANS-diminished reaction time,
distractibility
Physical consequences of chronic dieting - ANS-reduced metabolic rate, dizziness,
decreased bone mass, CV complications and weight cycling
Marketing - ANS-promoting or selling products through research and persuasive
communication
Forms of food industry marketing - ANS-tv, signs and billboards, print ads, online ads,
websites sponsorships, product placement, vending machines
How does marketing work? - ANS-connecting products with positive attitudes and
beliefs that are stored in memory - these messages can form, reinforce or alter attitudes
and beliefs
Food marketing influences - ANS-preferences for advertised foods, consumption of
advertised foods, overall calorie consumption, requests to parents to purchase
advertised foods
Targeted marketing - ANS-food industry marketing disproportionately targets low-
income and minority children and adults
Potential solutions to marketing - ANS-1. market healthy foods
2. counter-marketing
3. industry self-regulation
4. government regulation
with Complete Solutions
Behavioral Treatment - ANS-first line of therapy, help individual develop skills to achieve
healthier things, focuses both on the 'what to change' and the 'how to change'
Characteristics of behavioral treatment for obesity - ANS-1. Goal directed
2. Process oriented
3. Advocates small changes
Treatment facilitated with many behavioral tools - ANS-1. self-monitoring and goal
setting
2. stimulus control
3. problem-solving
4. cognitive restructuring
5. contingency management
Self-monitoring - ANS-consists of recording diet and physical activity, builds self-
awareness of true behaviors, helps self-evaluation; a significant association between
self-monitoring and weight loss has been consistently reported
Stimulus control - ANS-learn to identify stimuli that encourages incidental eating,
enables individuals to limit exposure to high-risk situations, stimulus control sounded in
classical conditioning; associative learning process in which cue is linked to behavior
Problem-solving - ANS-identify root problems and identify solutions; self-corrections -
1. identify problem
2. brainstorm alternative solutions
3. choose alternative solution
4. plan and implement healthier alternative
5. evaluate effectiveness of plan
Cognitive restructuring - ANS-restructuring negative thinking to positive and supportive;
unrealistic goals and inaccurate beliefs about weight loss and body image need to be
modified to help change self-defeating thoughts
Contingency management - ANS-behavior can be changed by use of rewards for
specific actions - a behavior that is reinforced in close temporal proximity to its
occurrence will increase in frequency, based on operant conditioning
Postive reinforcement - ANS-lose weight --> feel better --> continue diet/activity
, Negative reinforcement - ANS-increase activity --> feel sore --> discontinue
Group treatment - ANS-typically delivered in groups (social support), patient self-
monitors past weeks behaviors and sets goals for next week, discuss progress with
group and problem solve solutions
Challenge of treatment - ANS-focus on positive behaviors rather than outcomes and
focus on long term vs short term
Evidence statement from NHLBI - ANS-no single method or combination of behavioral
methods proved to be clearly superior, various strategies can be used
The Endocrine Society (2015) - ANS-diet, exercise, and behavioral modification should
be in all obesity management approaches for BMI of >25 kg/m^2
Psychological consequences of chronic dieting - ANS-depression, anger, food
preoccupation, diminished body image, low self-esteem
Cognitive impairments due to chronic dieting - ANS-diminished reaction time,
distractibility
Physical consequences of chronic dieting - ANS-reduced metabolic rate, dizziness,
decreased bone mass, CV complications and weight cycling
Marketing - ANS-promoting or selling products through research and persuasive
communication
Forms of food industry marketing - ANS-tv, signs and billboards, print ads, online ads,
websites sponsorships, product placement, vending machines
How does marketing work? - ANS-connecting products with positive attitudes and
beliefs that are stored in memory - these messages can form, reinforce or alter attitudes
and beliefs
Food marketing influences - ANS-preferences for advertised foods, consumption of
advertised foods, overall calorie consumption, requests to parents to purchase
advertised foods
Targeted marketing - ANS-food industry marketing disproportionately targets low-
income and minority children and adults
Potential solutions to marketing - ANS-1. market healthy foods
2. counter-marketing
3. industry self-regulation
4. government regulation
