Kidney Disease Study Guide APN Level Latest Update 100% Solved

🧠 KIDNEY DISEASE STUDY GUIDE (APN LEVEL) LATEST UPDATE




🧠 KIDNEY DISEASE STUDY GUIDE (APN LEVEL)
LATEST UPDATE



✅ RISK FACTORS
● Age >75

● Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

● Hypertension (HTN)

● Pre-existing kidney disease

● Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

● Heart failure

● Hepatic disease

● Nephrotoxic medications: NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, aminoglycosides
(e.g.,
-mycins)

● Polypharmacy

● Recent surgery or contrast exposure




🚨 ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY (AKI)
Definition:

● Abrupt decline in renal function within 48 hours.

● Based on: ↑ serum creatinine, ↓ urine output, need for dialysis.


Gold Standard Diagnostics:

● Serum creatinine
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, 🧠 KIDNEY DISEASE STUDY GUIDE (APN LEVEL) LATEST UPDATE




● Urinalysis (microscopy for protein, casts)

● GFR

● Renal ultrasound (for obstruction or structural abnormalities)

● Urine electrolytes, CMP, CBC


Management:

● Hospitalize unless mild and reversible.

● Remove or treat the cause.

● Monitor electrolytes.

● Nephrology referral if uncertain or severe.




🧮 SUBACUTE KIDNEY DISEASE
● Duration: >48 hours to <3 months

● Manage similarly to AKI but monitor for progression to CKD.




📉 CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
Definition:

● Kidney damage or GFR <60 for >3 months

● Indicators:

○ Albuminuria

○ Abnormal urine sediment

○ Abnormal renal imaging




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