Pedorthics Exam 1
Rearfoot (Tarsus), Midfoot (Lesser tarsus), and Forefoot (Metatarsus) - ANS-Functional
components of the foot
Which bones make up the rearfoot? - ANS-Calcaneus and talus
Which bones make up the midfoot? - ANS-Navicular and cuboid
Which bones make up the forefoot? - ANS-Cuneiforms 1-3 and digits
Medial column of the foot - ANS-70% of the load. More flexible. Composed of the talus,
navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals 1-3
Lateral column of the foot - ANS-30% of the load. More rigid. Composed of the calcaneus,
cuboid, and metatarsals 4-5
Calcaneus - ANS-Largest bone in the foot, insertion point for the achilles, articulates with talus
and cuboid
ST groove - ANS-Limits ST from collapsing medially, which prevents calcaneal valgus
Talus - ANS-2nd largest bone, made of articular hyaline cartilage, lacks good blood supply so
healing takes longer. Articulates with tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular
Neck of talus - ANS-What do you palpate to check for subtalar neutral?
6 primary hot spots - ANS-medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, 1st met head, 5th met head, base
of the 5th, and navicular
2 secondary hot spots - ANS-posterior calcaneus and trochlear process of calcaneus
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament aka "spring ligament" - ANS-Maintains medial longitudinal
arch
Deltoid ligament - ANS-Tibiotalar, tibionavicular, and anterior/posterior tibiocalcaneal. Maintains
medial longitudinal arch and prevents eversion
Plantar aponeurosis (fascia) - ANS-Provides stability during terminal stance and supports
longitudinal arch
Windlass affect - ANS-MTP joints dorsiflexed, plantar fascia draws forward, depressed met
heads, resulting in elevation of arch. More rigid for push off
, Medial longitudinal arch - ANS-Made up of posterior/anterior calcaneus, plantar fascia,
plantar/spring ligament
Triplanar joint motion - ANS-Creates simultaneous movement in all cardinal planes. Blocking
one component in a single plane will prevent movement in the other 2 planes
Internal Rotatory Deformity (IRD) - ANS-Pes planus, flatfooted, pronated. Internal tibial rotation,
midfoot pronation, calcaneal valgus, forefoot abduction
External Rotatory Deformity (ERD) - ANS-Pes cavus, supination, high arches. External tibial
rotation, calcaneal varus, midfoot supination, forefoot adduction. Susceptible to lateral ankle
sprains
Genu valgum, MCL laxity, lateral compartment compression - ANS-How does IRD affect the
knee?
Genu varum, LCL laxity, medial compartment compression - ANS-How does ERD affect the
knee?
Cause of rotatory deformities - ANS-Bony anomalies, lax joints (ligaments and tendons), muscle
imbalance/weakness
Primary action of the talocrural joint DF - ANS-Primary DF 12-20 degrees. Secondary action is
forefoot abduction and eversion
Primary action of the talocrural joint PF - ANS-Primary PF 50-56 degrees. Secondary action is
forefoot adduction and inversion
Stabilization of talocrural motion - ANS-Limit medial deltoid ligament and lateral collateral
ligament
Degrees of motion at subtalar joint - ANS-30 degrees inversion, 10 degrees eversion. Cavus
feet exhibit less subtalar motion
Which ligaments support the midtarsal joint? - ANS-Supported by short and long plantar
ligament, and calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Midtarsal joint - ANS-Composite joint with two different axes
Midtarsal joint flexibility - ANS-axes parallel
Midtarsal joint rigidity - ANS-axes non-parallel
Rearfoot (Tarsus), Midfoot (Lesser tarsus), and Forefoot (Metatarsus) - ANS-Functional
components of the foot
Which bones make up the rearfoot? - ANS-Calcaneus and talus
Which bones make up the midfoot? - ANS-Navicular and cuboid
Which bones make up the forefoot? - ANS-Cuneiforms 1-3 and digits
Medial column of the foot - ANS-70% of the load. More flexible. Composed of the talus,
navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals 1-3
Lateral column of the foot - ANS-30% of the load. More rigid. Composed of the calcaneus,
cuboid, and metatarsals 4-5
Calcaneus - ANS-Largest bone in the foot, insertion point for the achilles, articulates with talus
and cuboid
ST groove - ANS-Limits ST from collapsing medially, which prevents calcaneal valgus
Talus - ANS-2nd largest bone, made of articular hyaline cartilage, lacks good blood supply so
healing takes longer. Articulates with tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular
Neck of talus - ANS-What do you palpate to check for subtalar neutral?
6 primary hot spots - ANS-medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, 1st met head, 5th met head, base
of the 5th, and navicular
2 secondary hot spots - ANS-posterior calcaneus and trochlear process of calcaneus
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament aka "spring ligament" - ANS-Maintains medial longitudinal
arch
Deltoid ligament - ANS-Tibiotalar, tibionavicular, and anterior/posterior tibiocalcaneal. Maintains
medial longitudinal arch and prevents eversion
Plantar aponeurosis (fascia) - ANS-Provides stability during terminal stance and supports
longitudinal arch
Windlass affect - ANS-MTP joints dorsiflexed, plantar fascia draws forward, depressed met
heads, resulting in elevation of arch. More rigid for push off
, Medial longitudinal arch - ANS-Made up of posterior/anterior calcaneus, plantar fascia,
plantar/spring ligament
Triplanar joint motion - ANS-Creates simultaneous movement in all cardinal planes. Blocking
one component in a single plane will prevent movement in the other 2 planes
Internal Rotatory Deformity (IRD) - ANS-Pes planus, flatfooted, pronated. Internal tibial rotation,
midfoot pronation, calcaneal valgus, forefoot abduction
External Rotatory Deformity (ERD) - ANS-Pes cavus, supination, high arches. External tibial
rotation, calcaneal varus, midfoot supination, forefoot adduction. Susceptible to lateral ankle
sprains
Genu valgum, MCL laxity, lateral compartment compression - ANS-How does IRD affect the
knee?
Genu varum, LCL laxity, medial compartment compression - ANS-How does ERD affect the
knee?
Cause of rotatory deformities - ANS-Bony anomalies, lax joints (ligaments and tendons), muscle
imbalance/weakness
Primary action of the talocrural joint DF - ANS-Primary DF 12-20 degrees. Secondary action is
forefoot abduction and eversion
Primary action of the talocrural joint PF - ANS-Primary PF 50-56 degrees. Secondary action is
forefoot adduction and inversion
Stabilization of talocrural motion - ANS-Limit medial deltoid ligament and lateral collateral
ligament
Degrees of motion at subtalar joint - ANS-30 degrees inversion, 10 degrees eversion. Cavus
feet exhibit less subtalar motion
Which ligaments support the midtarsal joint? - ANS-Supported by short and long plantar
ligament, and calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Midtarsal joint - ANS-Composite joint with two different axes
Midtarsal joint flexibility - ANS-axes parallel
Midtarsal joint rigidity - ANS-axes non-parallel
