N580 Exam 1 2025/2026 Exam Questions
Marking Scheme New Update | A+ Rated
Total blood volume in an adult - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔70 mL/kg
Osmosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔movement of water across a semipermeable membrane;
low solute concentration to higher concentration; establishment of osmotic
equilibration; depend on cellular energy and the Na/K ATPase fueled exchange
pump. 3 Na out, 2K into cell
Osmole - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Unit used to express osmotic pressure
osmolarity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔osmole concentration expressed in liters of body
fluid
Normal osmolarity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔290 mOsm/L; dehydrated person will have
higher, over-hydrated will have lower
Hypotonic fluid - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hypotonic IV fluid administration results in
osmosis rapidly increasing intracellular water; cellular swelling occurs, resulting in
increase in intracellular volume; ex: 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline
1
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,Hypertonic fluid - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Have a higher concentration of solutes than
those in the intravascular space. Causes fluid to shift out of the cell and the cell
shrinks. ex. 5% dextrose in LR, 3% saline); results in increase in intravascular
volume/repletion
Dehydration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decrease in extracellular fluid volume (related to
GI, renal, diaphoresis in pre-op anesthesia). Intracellular water passes via osmosis,
where the osmolarity of compartments are equal, but there is a decrease in absolute
volume. ratio of extra to intra cellular fluid is greater in infants than adults
Passive transport - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Without use of cellular energy and follows the
concentration gradient; membranes consist of a superficial covering of proteins and
central core lipid bilayer; this membrane has polar and nonpolar compounds; drugs
have lipid AND water soluble properties that facilitate transfer
Aqueous diffusion or filtration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Involves the flow of water that
occurs as a result of hydrostatic pressure or osmotic differences across a membrane
(think of mannitol- osmotic diuretic, promotes brain shrinkage, helps neuro have
better field vision in OR)
Determinants of rate of diffusion - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔drug concentration, drug
molecular weight, diffusion surface area, temp, diffusion distance
2
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, carrier mediated active transport - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Rapid transfer of organic
substances facilitated by glucose and amino acids; think of how insulin shifts
potassium into cells by stimulating the activity of Na+/H antiporter on cell
membrane, promoting the entry of sodium into cells, which leads to activation of
the Na+-K+ ATPase, causing an electrogenic influx of potassium
pinocytosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔molecules placed in small vesicles then it crosses the
cell membrane; cell-drinking
Bonds, least to most attractive - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔van der waals, hydrophobic,
hydrogen, ionic, covalent
Van der Waals bond - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔force existing between molecules of same
substance (bunch of H20 molecules hanging out together)
Hydrophobic - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔bond between nonpolar molecules (repel h20)
Hydrogen - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔partially electrostatic attraction between polar
molecules, where H is bonded to another molecule. Hydrophilic
Ionic - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Transfer of electrons of atoms of opposite charges;
electrostatic attraction (NaCl)
Covalent - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Non reversible sharing of electrons
3
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Marking Scheme New Update | A+ Rated
Total blood volume in an adult - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔70 mL/kg
Osmosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔movement of water across a semipermeable membrane;
low solute concentration to higher concentration; establishment of osmotic
equilibration; depend on cellular energy and the Na/K ATPase fueled exchange
pump. 3 Na out, 2K into cell
Osmole - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Unit used to express osmotic pressure
osmolarity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔osmole concentration expressed in liters of body
fluid
Normal osmolarity - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔290 mOsm/L; dehydrated person will have
higher, over-hydrated will have lower
Hypotonic fluid - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Hypotonic IV fluid administration results in
osmosis rapidly increasing intracellular water; cellular swelling occurs, resulting in
increase in intracellular volume; ex: 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline
1
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,Hypertonic fluid - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Have a higher concentration of solutes than
those in the intravascular space. Causes fluid to shift out of the cell and the cell
shrinks. ex. 5% dextrose in LR, 3% saline); results in increase in intravascular
volume/repletion
Dehydration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Decrease in extracellular fluid volume (related to
GI, renal, diaphoresis in pre-op anesthesia). Intracellular water passes via osmosis,
where the osmolarity of compartments are equal, but there is a decrease in absolute
volume. ratio of extra to intra cellular fluid is greater in infants than adults
Passive transport - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Without use of cellular energy and follows the
concentration gradient; membranes consist of a superficial covering of proteins and
central core lipid bilayer; this membrane has polar and nonpolar compounds; drugs
have lipid AND water soluble properties that facilitate transfer
Aqueous diffusion or filtration - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Involves the flow of water that
occurs as a result of hydrostatic pressure or osmotic differences across a membrane
(think of mannitol- osmotic diuretic, promotes brain shrinkage, helps neuro have
better field vision in OR)
Determinants of rate of diffusion - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔drug concentration, drug
molecular weight, diffusion surface area, temp, diffusion distance
2
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, carrier mediated active transport - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Rapid transfer of organic
substances facilitated by glucose and amino acids; think of how insulin shifts
potassium into cells by stimulating the activity of Na+/H antiporter on cell
membrane, promoting the entry of sodium into cells, which leads to activation of
the Na+-K+ ATPase, causing an electrogenic influx of potassium
pinocytosis - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔molecules placed in small vesicles then it crosses the
cell membrane; cell-drinking
Bonds, least to most attractive - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔van der waals, hydrophobic,
hydrogen, ionic, covalent
Van der Waals bond - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔force existing between molecules of same
substance (bunch of H20 molecules hanging out together)
Hydrophobic - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔bond between nonpolar molecules (repel h20)
Hydrogen - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔partially electrostatic attraction between polar
molecules, where H is bonded to another molecule. Hydrophilic
Ionic - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Transfer of electrons of atoms of opposite charges;
electrostatic attraction (NaCl)
Covalent - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Non reversible sharing of electrons
3
COPYRIGHT@SARAHROSAPERAL 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
