NURS 308 Final Exam Study Guide !| !| !| !| !| !|
questions with accurate detailed !| !| !| !|
solutions
Discuss digestion and which substrate, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, or
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
amino acids take place in the mouth. - Correct answer ✔Salivary alpha
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
amylase-enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion in mouth !| !| !| !| !| !|
The parasympathetic nervous system activity (PANS) effect on salivary
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
glands involves what effect on GI activity? - Correct answer
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
✔Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates salivary glands and atropine !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
(inhibits salvation and makes mouth dry), the activation/stimulation
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
increases GI activity !| !|
What is peristalsis? - Correct answer ✔a coordinated, involuntary sequential
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
contraction and relaxation of the outer longitudinal and inner circular layers
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
of the intestinal muscles which moves food along.
!| !| !| !| !| !| !|
How is peristalsis initiated? - Correct answer ✔Stimulated when afferent
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
fibers distributed along the length of the esophagus sense changes in
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
intestinal wall tension caused by stretching as food passes. The greater the
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
tension, the greater the intensity of contraction
!| !| !| !| !| !|
What is the function of gastric glands? - Correct answer ✔Gastric glands-
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
primary secretory units in the stomach body and fundus. Produce large
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
,volumes of gastric juices including mucus, enzymes, acid, hormones,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
intrinsic factor, and gastroferrin. !| !| !|
what do gastric glands secrete? - Correct answer ✔gastric acid/juice, pepsin,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and mucus.
!|
what are gastric glands inhibited by? - Correct answer ✔Somatostatin,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
unpleasant odor, tastes, rage, fear, and pain. !| !| !| !| !| !|
how are chief cells regulated? - Correct answer ✔acetylcholine, gastrin, and
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
secretin stimulate chief cells to release pepsinogen during eating that is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
quickly converted to pepsin which breaks down proteins and forms
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
polypeptides in the stomach !| !| !|
how are parietal cells regulated? - Correct answer ✔production of acid
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
requires transport of hydrogen and chloride from parietal cells to lumen
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
through hydrolysis of water. It's stimulated by the vagus nerve, releases
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
acetylcholine, stimulates gastrin, stimulates histamine in gastric mucosa
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
which activates h2 receptors on acid secreting parietal cells
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
lower esophageal sphincter - Correct answer ✔ring of muscles where food
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
passes through cardiac orifice at the gastroduodenal junction into the
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
stomach
pyloric sphincter - Correct answer ✔ring of muscles that relaxes as food is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
propelled from pylorus into duodenum !| !| !| !|
,Ileocecal valve - Correct answer ✔marks junction between terminal ileum
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and large intestine
!| !|
where are nutrients absorbed in the GI tract? - Correct answer ✔Jejunum of
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
the small intestine villa villi (finger-like projections that extend from small
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
intestine mucus and increases its absorption surface area
!| !| !| !| !| !| !|
gastrocolic reflex - Correct answer ✔initiates propulsion in the entire colon,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
usually after eating or during when chyme enters from ileum causing fecal
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
mass to pass rapidly into the sigmoid colon and rectum, stimulating
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
defecation
Ileocolic reflex - Correct answer ✔inhibits gastric motility when ileum
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
becomes distended which prevents the continued movement of chyme into
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
an already distended intestine
!| !| !|
Intestinointestinal reflex - Correct answer ✔inhibits intestinal motility when !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
one part of the intestine is overdistended
!| !| !| !| !| !|
Gastrolienal reflex - Correct answer ✔activated by increase in gastric motility!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and secretion, stimulates an increase in ileal motility and relaxation of the
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
ileocecal valve sphincter, emptying ileum and preparing it to receive more
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
chyme regulated by gastrin and cholecystokinin
!| !| !| !| !|
how much bile is secreted per day? - Correct answer ✔the liver secretes 700-
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
1200 ml per day !| !| !|
, what is bile? - Correct answer ✔Bile is alkaline, bitter-tasting, yellowish
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
green fluid that contains salts, cholesterol, bilirubin(pigment), electrolytes,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and water.
!|
function of chyme - Correct answer ✔Stored in gallbladder and secreted in
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
duodenum via sphincter of oddi to help neutralize acidity of chyme and
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
emulsify fats which is stimulated by vagus nerve
!| !| !| !| !| !| !|
What is choleresis? - Correct answer ✔bile secretion to stimulate liver to
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
secrete bile !|
bile salts - Correct answer ✔compounds in bile are required for intestinal
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
emulsification and absorption of fats. Actively absorbed in terminal ileum !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and returned to the liver through portal circulation for resection
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
what is bilirubin? - Correct answer ✔Byproduct of the distribution of aged
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
red blood cells giving bile that greenish black color and produces a yellow
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
tinge of jaundice. Absorbed and destroyed by macrophages of mononuclear
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
phagocytic system in spleen and liver !| !| !| !| !|
breakdown of bilirubin - Correct answer ✔gets deconjugated by bacteria in
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
distal ileum and colon where it is then converted into urobilinogen, which is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
reabsorbed in intestines, excreted in urine as urobilin. Small amount is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
eliminating in feces as stercobilin which contributes to brown pigmentation
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
questions with accurate detailed !| !| !| !|
solutions
Discuss digestion and which substrate, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, or
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
amino acids take place in the mouth. - Correct answer ✔Salivary alpha
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
amylase-enzyme that initiates carbohydrate digestion in mouth !| !| !| !| !| !|
The parasympathetic nervous system activity (PANS) effect on salivary
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
glands involves what effect on GI activity? - Correct answer
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
✔Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates salivary glands and atropine !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
(inhibits salvation and makes mouth dry), the activation/stimulation
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
increases GI activity !| !|
What is peristalsis? - Correct answer ✔a coordinated, involuntary sequential
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
contraction and relaxation of the outer longitudinal and inner circular layers
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
of the intestinal muscles which moves food along.
!| !| !| !| !| !| !|
How is peristalsis initiated? - Correct answer ✔Stimulated when afferent
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
fibers distributed along the length of the esophagus sense changes in
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
intestinal wall tension caused by stretching as food passes. The greater the
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
tension, the greater the intensity of contraction
!| !| !| !| !| !|
What is the function of gastric glands? - Correct answer ✔Gastric glands-
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
primary secretory units in the stomach body and fundus. Produce large
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
,volumes of gastric juices including mucus, enzymes, acid, hormones,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
intrinsic factor, and gastroferrin. !| !| !|
what do gastric glands secrete? - Correct answer ✔gastric acid/juice, pepsin,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and mucus.
!|
what are gastric glands inhibited by? - Correct answer ✔Somatostatin,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
unpleasant odor, tastes, rage, fear, and pain. !| !| !| !| !| !|
how are chief cells regulated? - Correct answer ✔acetylcholine, gastrin, and
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
secretin stimulate chief cells to release pepsinogen during eating that is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
quickly converted to pepsin which breaks down proteins and forms
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
polypeptides in the stomach !| !| !|
how are parietal cells regulated? - Correct answer ✔production of acid
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
requires transport of hydrogen and chloride from parietal cells to lumen
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
through hydrolysis of water. It's stimulated by the vagus nerve, releases
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
acetylcholine, stimulates gastrin, stimulates histamine in gastric mucosa
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
which activates h2 receptors on acid secreting parietal cells
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
lower esophageal sphincter - Correct answer ✔ring of muscles where food
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
passes through cardiac orifice at the gastroduodenal junction into the
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
stomach
pyloric sphincter - Correct answer ✔ring of muscles that relaxes as food is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
propelled from pylorus into duodenum !| !| !| !|
,Ileocecal valve - Correct answer ✔marks junction between terminal ileum
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and large intestine
!| !|
where are nutrients absorbed in the GI tract? - Correct answer ✔Jejunum of
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
the small intestine villa villi (finger-like projections that extend from small
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
intestine mucus and increases its absorption surface area
!| !| !| !| !| !| !|
gastrocolic reflex - Correct answer ✔initiates propulsion in the entire colon,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
usually after eating or during when chyme enters from ileum causing fecal
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
mass to pass rapidly into the sigmoid colon and rectum, stimulating
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
defecation
Ileocolic reflex - Correct answer ✔inhibits gastric motility when ileum
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
becomes distended which prevents the continued movement of chyme into
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
an already distended intestine
!| !| !|
Intestinointestinal reflex - Correct answer ✔inhibits intestinal motility when !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
one part of the intestine is overdistended
!| !| !| !| !| !|
Gastrolienal reflex - Correct answer ✔activated by increase in gastric motility!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and secretion, stimulates an increase in ileal motility and relaxation of the
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
ileocecal valve sphincter, emptying ileum and preparing it to receive more
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
chyme regulated by gastrin and cholecystokinin
!| !| !| !| !|
how much bile is secreted per day? - Correct answer ✔the liver secretes 700-
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
1200 ml per day !| !| !|
, what is bile? - Correct answer ✔Bile is alkaline, bitter-tasting, yellowish
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
green fluid that contains salts, cholesterol, bilirubin(pigment), electrolytes,
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and water.
!|
function of chyme - Correct answer ✔Stored in gallbladder and secreted in
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
duodenum via sphincter of oddi to help neutralize acidity of chyme and
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
emulsify fats which is stimulated by vagus nerve
!| !| !| !| !| !| !|
What is choleresis? - Correct answer ✔bile secretion to stimulate liver to
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
secrete bile !|
bile salts - Correct answer ✔compounds in bile are required for intestinal
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
emulsification and absorption of fats. Actively absorbed in terminal ileum !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
and returned to the liver through portal circulation for resection
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
what is bilirubin? - Correct answer ✔Byproduct of the distribution of aged
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
red blood cells giving bile that greenish black color and produces a yellow
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
tinge of jaundice. Absorbed and destroyed by macrophages of mononuclear
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
phagocytic system in spleen and liver !| !| !| !| !|
breakdown of bilirubin - Correct answer ✔gets deconjugated by bacteria in
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
distal ileum and colon where it is then converted into urobilinogen, which is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
reabsorbed in intestines, excreted in urine as urobilin. Small amount is
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
eliminating in feces as stercobilin which contributes to brown pigmentation
!| !| !| !| !| !| !| !| !|
