NSG 533 - Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
1 - Module 2 Questions and Verified Answers
100% Correct Grade A+ 2025
Hematocrit and plasma protein levels will be elevated with water loss correct answers diagnostic
findings of hypernatremia
serum less than 135 mEq/l.
hematocrit and plasma protein levels may be elevated
urine specific gravity < 1.010
Urine sodium level may be high or low
High (cerebral salt wasting syndrome, adrenal insufficiency)
Low (extra renal loss, v/d, severe burns, HF, or cirrhosis correct answers diagnostic findings of
hyponatremia
an elevation of ECF K+ > 5.0 mEq/l
excessive intake, a shift of K from ICF to ECF, decreased renal excretion/renal failure.
Tissue breakdown, adrenal failure, K+ sparing diuretics, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia,
transfusions, pseudohyperkalemia
Other causes: hypoxia, changes in cell membrane permeability, acidosis correct answers etiology
of hyperkalemia
hemolysis during blood draw, platelets >1,000,000
WBC >20,000
mononeucleosis
familial pseudohyperkalemia correct answers What causes pseudohyperkalemia?
,reduced intake of potassium, increased entry of K into cells, and increased losses of body K+
alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, V/D, ACE inhibitors and beta blockers, metabolic acidosis, insulin
administration, increased cell production (AML) correct answers etiology of hypokalemia
when serum potassium decreases to < 3.5 mEq/L
normal: 3.5-5.0 correct answers normal serum level of hyperkalemia
when serum K concentration decreases to <3.5 mEg/L
normal: 3.5-5.0 correct answers normal serum level of hypokalemia
ECF: Hypervolemia, weight gain, bounding pulse, increased BP, edema, venous distention,
neuromuscular symptoms/weakness
ICF: intracellular dehydration, thirst, fever, decreased urine output, shrinkage of brain cells,
confusions coma, seizures
changes in ECG correct answers clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia
severe (<2.5 mEq/L)
neuromuscular excitability decreased - skeletal muscle weakness, smooth much atony
(constipation, anorexia, intestinal distention, N/V), and cardiac dysrhythmias, glucose
intolerance, respiratory arrest correct answers clinical manifestations of hypokalemia
Serum K concentration >5.5
ECG will identify conduction abnormalities or arrhythmias.
ECG for conduction abnormalities or arrythmias - peaked T waves and prolonged PR interval
Investigate if there is a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison
disease, use of K salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis correct answers diagnostic findings of
hyperkalemia
, serum K levels <3.5
ECG findings: U waves, shallow T wave correct answers diagnostic findings of hypokalemia
Serum total concentration >10.5
hyperparathyroidism, secretion of PTH and PTH protein from cancer cells, sarcoidosis, excessive
vitamin D, overuse of antacids correct answers etiology of hypercalcemia
occurs when total calcium concentrations are <9.0 mg?dL and ionized level are less than 5.5
mg/dl
Inadequate intestinal absorption, nutritional deficits, excessive amounts of phosphorous, removal
of parathyroid gland (decrease in PTH), vitamin D deficiency, blood transfusions, pancreatitis
correct answers etiology of hypocalcemia
8.5-10.5 correct answers normal serum level hypercalcemia
8.5-10.5 correct answers normal serum level hypocalcemia
Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, lethargy, nausea, constipation, impaired renal function,
kidney stones, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, bone pain, osteoporosis correct answers
clinical manifestations hypercalcemia
increase in neuromuscular excitability (tingling, muscle spasms - hands, feet, facial muscles)
Intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, seizures and tetany
prolong QT
cardiac arrest correct answers clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia
total serum calcium concentrations > 10.5 correct answers diagnostic findings hypercalcemia
serum total calcium concentrations <9.0 correct answers diagnostic findings hypocalcemia
1 - Module 2 Questions and Verified Answers
100% Correct Grade A+ 2025
Hematocrit and plasma protein levels will be elevated with water loss correct answers diagnostic
findings of hypernatremia
serum less than 135 mEq/l.
hematocrit and plasma protein levels may be elevated
urine specific gravity < 1.010
Urine sodium level may be high or low
High (cerebral salt wasting syndrome, adrenal insufficiency)
Low (extra renal loss, v/d, severe burns, HF, or cirrhosis correct answers diagnostic findings of
hyponatremia
an elevation of ECF K+ > 5.0 mEq/l
excessive intake, a shift of K from ICF to ECF, decreased renal excretion/renal failure.
Tissue breakdown, adrenal failure, K+ sparing diuretics, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia,
transfusions, pseudohyperkalemia
Other causes: hypoxia, changes in cell membrane permeability, acidosis correct answers etiology
of hyperkalemia
hemolysis during blood draw, platelets >1,000,000
WBC >20,000
mononeucleosis
familial pseudohyperkalemia correct answers What causes pseudohyperkalemia?
,reduced intake of potassium, increased entry of K into cells, and increased losses of body K+
alcoholism, anorexia nervosa, V/D, ACE inhibitors and beta blockers, metabolic acidosis, insulin
administration, increased cell production (AML) correct answers etiology of hypokalemia
when serum potassium decreases to < 3.5 mEq/L
normal: 3.5-5.0 correct answers normal serum level of hyperkalemia
when serum K concentration decreases to <3.5 mEg/L
normal: 3.5-5.0 correct answers normal serum level of hypokalemia
ECF: Hypervolemia, weight gain, bounding pulse, increased BP, edema, venous distention,
neuromuscular symptoms/weakness
ICF: intracellular dehydration, thirst, fever, decreased urine output, shrinkage of brain cells,
confusions coma, seizures
changes in ECG correct answers clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia
severe (<2.5 mEq/L)
neuromuscular excitability decreased - skeletal muscle weakness, smooth much atony
(constipation, anorexia, intestinal distention, N/V), and cardiac dysrhythmias, glucose
intolerance, respiratory arrest correct answers clinical manifestations of hypokalemia
Serum K concentration >5.5
ECG will identify conduction abnormalities or arrhythmias.
ECG for conduction abnormalities or arrythmias - peaked T waves and prolonged PR interval
Investigate if there is a history of renal disease, massive trauma, insulin deficiency, Addison
disease, use of K salt substitutes, or metabolic acidosis correct answers diagnostic findings of
hyperkalemia
, serum K levels <3.5
ECG findings: U waves, shallow T wave correct answers diagnostic findings of hypokalemia
Serum total concentration >10.5
hyperparathyroidism, secretion of PTH and PTH protein from cancer cells, sarcoidosis, excessive
vitamin D, overuse of antacids correct answers etiology of hypercalcemia
occurs when total calcium concentrations are <9.0 mg?dL and ionized level are less than 5.5
mg/dl
Inadequate intestinal absorption, nutritional deficits, excessive amounts of phosphorous, removal
of parathyroid gland (decrease in PTH), vitamin D deficiency, blood transfusions, pancreatitis
correct answers etiology of hypocalcemia
8.5-10.5 correct answers normal serum level hypercalcemia
8.5-10.5 correct answers normal serum level hypocalcemia
Fatigue, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, lethargy, nausea, constipation, impaired renal function,
kidney stones, dysrhythmias, bradycardia, cardiac arrest, bone pain, osteoporosis correct answers
clinical manifestations hypercalcemia
increase in neuromuscular excitability (tingling, muscle spasms - hands, feet, facial muscles)
Intestinal cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, seizures and tetany
prolong QT
cardiac arrest correct answers clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia
total serum calcium concentrations > 10.5 correct answers diagnostic findings hypercalcemia
serum total calcium concentrations <9.0 correct answers diagnostic findings hypocalcemia
