NR 283 Final Exam Review - Pathophysiology Concepts (Chamberlain)

NR 283 Final Exam Review Chamberlain
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Decreased Bone Mineral Density - ✅-Osetoporosis
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Bone remodeling leads to increased bone reabsorption, leads to decreased
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bone formation causing thin fragile bones leading to fractures. Increased
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osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity. - ✅-Osteoporosis
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Pathophysiology
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1. Postmenopausal women v




2. Aging
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4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Smoking - ✅-Risk factors for Osteoporosis
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Autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammation -
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✅-Rheumatoid Arthritis v




1. Neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage v v v v v




2. Inflammatory cytokines breakdown cartilage & bone v v v v v




3. T-Cells cause fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
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4. Inflammation is constant & spreads to ALL synovial joints -v v v v v v v v v




✅-Pathophysiology Rheumatoid Arthritis v v




Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition due to "wear and tear" cartilage
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breaks down causing stiff joints and pain.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Additional
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symptoms include fever and affects all synovial joints. - ✅-Difference
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between Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Condition last < 3 months. Body's protective mechanism. Can be classified as
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somatic, visceral, or referred. - ✅-Acute Pain
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Lasts > 6 months. Non-protective, Poorly understood. - ✅-Chronic pain
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, Dysfunction of the nervous system. i.e. Fibromyalgia - ✅-Neuropathic pain
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What is the treatment that increases or decreases transmission of pain
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signals. - ✅-Pain management
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What are the chemicals that the nervous system uses to communicate with a
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brain. - ✅-Neurotransmitters
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Nociceptors receptor at the end of a sensory neuron's axon that responds to v v v v v v v v v v v v




damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending possible threat
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signals to the spinal cord and the brain - ✅-Pain Transduction
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What pain pathway signal goes to the central nervous system - ✅-Pain
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transmission
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Pain pathway how the brain interprets the pain signal - ✅-Pain perception
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Minimum amount of stimuli that it takes for you to perceive pain. This pathway
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is the same for everyone - ✅-Pain threshold
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The amount of pain the body can handle before you involuntarily remove the
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stimuli. - ✅-Pain tolerance
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The type of pain that transmit from the peripheral nervous system to the
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central nervous system - ✅-Afferent
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When the pain goes from the central nervous system to the peripheral
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nervous system tell somebody how to react. - ✅-Efferent
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Chemicals released usually during exercise to prevent pain transmission
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signals. - ✅-Endorphins
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What chemical reduces translation of pain. This usually happens after the
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labor/childbirth - ✅-Serotonin and GABA
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