Exam 2 ZOOM Review Patho II
Respiratory
o
-
V What is CIRCULATORY HYPOXIA? Lack of O2 to ssues, what is causing it? Decreased cardiac output
=
Not enough output = decreased in o2 not being carried out to your ssues
HYPERVENTILATION VS . HYPOVENTILATION
o HYPERVENTILATION: DEEP/RAPID breathing, a compensatory mechanism
>
-
- Reasons: high al tude, fever, pain, anxiety , Rapid & deep
-
o HYPOVENTILATION: impaired gas exchange, not enough O2 is crossing from hemoglobin (RBCs) to
alveoli
w Reasons: COPD , morphine pa ents, obesity, ALL chronic lung disorders, opioids due to
decreased respiratory effort, ALL neuromuscular diseases; anything decrease/suppress
the breathings
SHALLOW/RAPID breathing vs. DEEP/RAPID breathing
o HYPER = DEEP/RAPID
1ST
- o HYPO = SHALLOW/RAPID
-
ACUTE BRONCHITIS S/S:- - -
E
recent onset of cough, post nasal drip, sore throat, sinusi s/pharyngi s
- -
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS : who develops it? SMOKERS due to damaging lining, cilia accumula
- -
on of exudate
o Frequent respiratory infec ons
Overweight – do not expand lungs affec vely = increased accumula on of exudate – frequent
infec ons causes inflamma on / destruc on suscep ble to chronic bronchi s
~
o S/S: “Blue
--
Bloaters” SOB, mucus, purulent sputum, chronic cough produc ve in mornings,
-
-
polycythemia: thickening of RBCs, clubbing, ect.
-
EMPHYSEMA: Alveolar wall damage by inflamma
-
on leading to PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES released
deficiency (30 -y0yrs)
by inflammatory cells causing damage to the alveolar walls · Fo Smoking Alantitryps
,
in
o Proteoly c enzymes damage alveoli [M : Barrel Chest , Air is trapped) Hyperresonance Tripod position
.
V
· ,
,
SARCOIDOSIS cause: UKNOWN; what happens in body? Presence of CD4 plus T cells which is indica ve of an
immune response interstitiallungdiseasenot
-
theairways lungs/lymph nodes
·
Effffe
,
lungs
In
o S/S:-&granulomas, splenomegaly,
-uvei s, decrease func oning of organs
hepatomegaly,
Thin ~
Fa gue, weight loss, fever from inflammatory process, NONPRODUCTIVE COUGH (NO sputum)
-
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS: NOT-
ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING; caused by pollens; Hypersensi vity
reac on have inflamma on of your lung At Rish to getting Aspergillus -> workers in old buildings
·
PNEUMOTHORAX: like a flat re
o Simple: HOLE in the lung- air leaking into the pleural cavity & lung that is collapsing
Lung having air coming in from the inside – air is collec ng in lung/lung is collapsing
~
o Tension: the air is completely increasing and starts pressing/pushing medias nal shi – can
see this observed from the outside
~
S/S: low BP, SOB, TRACHEAL DEVIATION TOWARDS THE UNAFFECTED SIDE
w
V
R pneumothorax, tension pushes towards the le = Emergency situa on
PLEURAL EFFUSION: collapse of lung as-
fluid is accumula ng in pleural space – FLUID collects on the bo om
o Can be asymptoma c to S/S: dry cough, absent to minimal breath sounds in BASE of lung,
O
rapid/shallow breathing, SOB
Fluid absent or diminished breath sounds - > Absent breath sounds
-
~ So much fluid can create a medias nal or tracheal shi as well * - > D/t
-
pressure
KYPHOSCOLIOSIS: MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
o twis ng of thoracic cavity impaired expansion of lung = breathing problems
-
* -
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: progressive inflammatory disease affec
- -
ng the vertebrae
o S/S: -
&
LOW TO MID BACK PAIN, HYPOVen la on – not expanding like they need too
&
-
· End result is rigidity
Respiratory
o
-
V What is CIRCULATORY HYPOXIA? Lack of O2 to ssues, what is causing it? Decreased cardiac output
=
Not enough output = decreased in o2 not being carried out to your ssues
HYPERVENTILATION VS . HYPOVENTILATION
o HYPERVENTILATION: DEEP/RAPID breathing, a compensatory mechanism
>
-
- Reasons: high al tude, fever, pain, anxiety , Rapid & deep
-
o HYPOVENTILATION: impaired gas exchange, not enough O2 is crossing from hemoglobin (RBCs) to
alveoli
w Reasons: COPD , morphine pa ents, obesity, ALL chronic lung disorders, opioids due to
decreased respiratory effort, ALL neuromuscular diseases; anything decrease/suppress
the breathings
SHALLOW/RAPID breathing vs. DEEP/RAPID breathing
o HYPER = DEEP/RAPID
1ST
- o HYPO = SHALLOW/RAPID
-
ACUTE BRONCHITIS S/S:- - -
E
recent onset of cough, post nasal drip, sore throat, sinusi s/pharyngi s
- -
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS : who develops it? SMOKERS due to damaging lining, cilia accumula
- -
on of exudate
o Frequent respiratory infec ons
Overweight – do not expand lungs affec vely = increased accumula on of exudate – frequent
infec ons causes inflamma on / destruc on suscep ble to chronic bronchi s
~
o S/S: “Blue
--
Bloaters” SOB, mucus, purulent sputum, chronic cough produc ve in mornings,
-
-
polycythemia: thickening of RBCs, clubbing, ect.
-
EMPHYSEMA: Alveolar wall damage by inflamma
-
on leading to PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES released
deficiency (30 -y0yrs)
by inflammatory cells causing damage to the alveolar walls · Fo Smoking Alantitryps
,
in
o Proteoly c enzymes damage alveoli [M : Barrel Chest , Air is trapped) Hyperresonance Tripod position
.
V
· ,
,
SARCOIDOSIS cause: UKNOWN; what happens in body? Presence of CD4 plus T cells which is indica ve of an
immune response interstitiallungdiseasenot
-
theairways lungs/lymph nodes
·
Effffe
,
lungs
In
o S/S:-&granulomas, splenomegaly,
-uvei s, decrease func oning of organs
hepatomegaly,
Thin ~
Fa gue, weight loss, fever from inflammatory process, NONPRODUCTIVE COUGH (NO sputum)
-
HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS: NOT-
ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING; caused by pollens; Hypersensi vity
reac on have inflamma on of your lung At Rish to getting Aspergillus -> workers in old buildings
·
PNEUMOTHORAX: like a flat re
o Simple: HOLE in the lung- air leaking into the pleural cavity & lung that is collapsing
Lung having air coming in from the inside – air is collec ng in lung/lung is collapsing
~
o Tension: the air is completely increasing and starts pressing/pushing medias nal shi – can
see this observed from the outside
~
S/S: low BP, SOB, TRACHEAL DEVIATION TOWARDS THE UNAFFECTED SIDE
w
V
R pneumothorax, tension pushes towards the le = Emergency situa on
PLEURAL EFFUSION: collapse of lung as-
fluid is accumula ng in pleural space – FLUID collects on the bo om
o Can be asymptoma c to S/S: dry cough, absent to minimal breath sounds in BASE of lung,
O
rapid/shallow breathing, SOB
Fluid absent or diminished breath sounds - > Absent breath sounds
-
~ So much fluid can create a medias nal or tracheal shi as well * - > D/t
-
pressure
KYPHOSCOLIOSIS: MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
o twis ng of thoracic cavity impaired expansion of lung = breathing problems
-
* -
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: progressive inflammatory disease affec
- -
ng the vertebrae
o S/S: -
&
LOW TO MID BACK PAIN, HYPOVen la on – not expanding like they need too
&
-
· End result is rigidity
