FON: Unit #3 Exam Review
1. Military Time
• Military time is a 24-hour clock system used in many places for clarity and precision.
Example: 1:00 PM is 1300 hours, and 10:00 AM is 1000 hours.
2. ECV Excess (Excess Extracellular Fluid)
• ECV excess refers to an increased amount of extracellular fluid, often caused by
conditions like kidney failure or heart failure, leading to swelling (edema).
3. Hyponatremia
• Hyponatremia is a condition where the sodium level in the blood is too low, causing
symptoms like confusion, nausea, and fatigue.
4. Hypernatremia
• Hypernatremia is the opposite, where the sodium level in the blood is too high, leading
to symptoms like thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching.
5. Hyponatremia and ADH and Tube Feeding
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) can cause water retention. If tube feeding is used and the
patient is receiving too much water (without enough sodium), it can lead to
hyponatremia due to dilution of sodium in the blood.
6. Signs/Symptoms of Hyponatremia
• Symptoms include nausea, headache, confusion, muscle weakness, and in severe cases,
seizures or coma.
7. ECV Excess and Salt
• ECV excess is often related to salt because salt attracts water, leading to fluid retention
and swelling.
, 8. Hyponatremia and Water
• Hyponatremia relates to excessive water intake or retention, which dilutes the sodium
in the blood.
9. Hyperkalemia
• Hyperkalemia is a condition where there is too much potassium in the blood, which can
cause dangerous heart arrhythmias.
10. Hypokalemia
• Hypokalemia is the condition where potassium levels are too low, leading to weakness,
fatigue, and heart arrhythmias.
11. Potassium Imbalances and Cardiac Arrest
• Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias, potentially
leading to cardiac arrest. Potassium is essential for normal heart rhythm.
12. Hypokalemia and Diarrhea
• Diarrhea can cause hypokalemia because potassium is lost through stool, leading to low
potassium levels in the body.
13. Causes of Hyperkalemia
• Hyperkalemia can be caused by kidney failure, medications (like ACE inhibitors), or
excessive potassium intake.
14. Potassium Imbalance and Extracellular Fluid
• Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia both primarily affect the extracellular fluid, since
potassium is mainly an intracellular ion but its balance affects the body's fluid and
electrolyte status.
15. Guided Imagery
• Guided imagery is a relaxation technique where a person is guided to imagine a peaceful
or pleasant scene to reduce stress and pain.
1. Military Time
• Military time is a 24-hour clock system used in many places for clarity and precision.
Example: 1:00 PM is 1300 hours, and 10:00 AM is 1000 hours.
2. ECV Excess (Excess Extracellular Fluid)
• ECV excess refers to an increased amount of extracellular fluid, often caused by
conditions like kidney failure or heart failure, leading to swelling (edema).
3. Hyponatremia
• Hyponatremia is a condition where the sodium level in the blood is too low, causing
symptoms like confusion, nausea, and fatigue.
4. Hypernatremia
• Hypernatremia is the opposite, where the sodium level in the blood is too high, leading
to symptoms like thirst, confusion, and muscle twitching.
5. Hyponatremia and ADH and Tube Feeding
• ADH (antidiuretic hormone) can cause water retention. If tube feeding is used and the
patient is receiving too much water (without enough sodium), it can lead to
hyponatremia due to dilution of sodium in the blood.
6. Signs/Symptoms of Hyponatremia
• Symptoms include nausea, headache, confusion, muscle weakness, and in severe cases,
seizures or coma.
7. ECV Excess and Salt
• ECV excess is often related to salt because salt attracts water, leading to fluid retention
and swelling.
, 8. Hyponatremia and Water
• Hyponatremia relates to excessive water intake or retention, which dilutes the sodium
in the blood.
9. Hyperkalemia
• Hyperkalemia is a condition where there is too much potassium in the blood, which can
cause dangerous heart arrhythmias.
10. Hypokalemia
• Hypokalemia is the condition where potassium levels are too low, leading to weakness,
fatigue, and heart arrhythmias.
11. Potassium Imbalances and Cardiac Arrest
• Both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias, potentially
leading to cardiac arrest. Potassium is essential for normal heart rhythm.
12. Hypokalemia and Diarrhea
• Diarrhea can cause hypokalemia because potassium is lost through stool, leading to low
potassium levels in the body.
13. Causes of Hyperkalemia
• Hyperkalemia can be caused by kidney failure, medications (like ACE inhibitors), or
excessive potassium intake.
14. Potassium Imbalance and Extracellular Fluid
• Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia both primarily affect the extracellular fluid, since
potassium is mainly an intracellular ion but its balance affects the body's fluid and
electrolyte status.
15. Guided Imagery
• Guided imagery is a relaxation technique where a person is guided to imagine a peaceful
or pleasant scene to reduce stress and pain.
