PNP 301 FINAL RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS
b. administer albumin - Answers - A patient has a decreased oncotic pressure. What
can be done to increase it?
a.Implement a high-salt diet
b.Administer albumin
c.Administer milrinone
d.Administer morphine sulfate
a. provide supplemental oxygen - Answers - A patient with pulmonary edema is
cyanotic and complaining of difficulty breathing. What should be recommended by the
respiratory therapist?
a.Provide supplemental oxygen.
b.Begin mechanical ventilation.
c.Have the patient use pursed-lip breathing.
d.Begin bronchopulmonary hygiene therapy.
B. 10 to 15 mmhg - Answers - what is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the
pulmonary capillaries?
a. 5 to 10 mmhg
b. 10 to 15 mmhg
c. 15 to 20 mmhg
d. 20 to 25 mmhg
D. 20 to 25 mmhg - Answers - What is the normal oncotic pressure of the blood?
a. 10 to 15 mmhg
b. 15 to 20 mmhg
c. 20 to 25 mmhg
d. 20 to 25 mmhg
D. A craniotomy or other head surgery does not increase the risk for atelectasis.
Thoracic surgery (e.g., open heart surgery) and upper abdominal surgery (e.g.,
gallbladder removal or splenectomy) increase the risk for atelectasis. - Answers -
Examples of the types of surgical procedures that often result in atelectasis include:
1. open heart surgery.
2. craniotomy.
3. gallbladder removal.
4. splenectomy.
a. 1
,b. 2, 3
c. 2, 3, 4
d. 1, 3, 4
D. The development of immediate postoperative atelectasis is almost always related to
excessive bronchial secretions. - Answers - The development of immediate
postoperative atelectasis is commonly related to which of the following?
a.Inappropriate tidal volumes settings during surgery
b.The patient's comorbidities
c.Medication reactions and side effects
d.Excessive bronchial secretions
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is increased _____ pressure. - Answers
- Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
A. COPD does not usually lead to atelectasis. All of the other listed conditions are
restrictive in nature and can lead to atelectasis. - Answers - Which of the following
conditions is least likely to lead to atelectasis?
a.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
b.acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
c.pleural effusion.
d.pneumothorax.
Increased capillary permeability stemming from infectious, inflammatory, and other
processes will result in the development of ____. - Answers - Pulmonary edema
Most common cause of pulmonary edema - Answers - left sided heart failure
PULMONARY EDEMA: ETIOLOGY - Answers - ■Over-hydration with intravenous
fluids
■Inflammation in lungs
■Low plasma protein levels (hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia)
-Decreases osmotic pressure of plasma
Caused by kidney or liver disease
■Blocked lymphatic drainage
■Pulmonary hypertension
Unknown causes: neurogenic condition, opioid overdose, high altitude
B. A small tidal volume on the mechanical ventilator and all of the other listed options
can decrease a patient's ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure. - Answers
- Which of the following are precipitating factors that can decrease the patient's ability to
generate a negative intrapleural pressure?
1. Supine position
,2. Large tidal volume on the mechanical ventilator
3. Malnutrition
4. Obesity
a.2, 4
b.1, 3, 4
c.1, 2, 3
d.2, 3, 4
D. All of the listed options are precipitating factors for retained secretions that can lead
to atelectasis. - Answers - Which of the following are precipitating factors for retained
secretions that commonly lead to atelectasis?
1. Asthma
2. General anesthesia
3. Gastric aspiration
4. Smoking history
a.1, 4
b.2, 3
c.2, 3, 4
d.1, 2, 3, 4
b. Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi - Answers - As pulmonary edema progressives, the
fluid moves in which of the following sequences?
a.Peribronchial interstitial spaces, bronchi, trachea
b.Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi
c.Bronchioles, bronchi, trachea
d.Pulmonary capillaries, alveoli, bronchioles
a. A restrictive pulmonary disorder - Answers - Pulmonary edema produces:
a.a restrictive pulmonary disorder.
b.an obstructive pulmonary disorder.
c.both a restrictive and obstructive disorders.
d.obstructive cardiac disease.
d. 1, 3, 4 (atelectasis, high surface tension of alveolar fluids, alveolar flooding) -
Answers - The major pathologic or structural changes seen in the lungs with pulmonary
edema include:
1. atelectasis.
2. bronchospasm.
3. high surface tension of alveolar fluids.
4. alveolar flooding.
, a.1, 4
b.2, 3
c.1, 2, 3
d.1, 3, 4
allergic reaction to drugs - Answers - All of the following are causes of cardiogenic
pulmonary edema EXCEPT:
allergic reaction to drugs.
congenital heart defects.
mitral valve disease.
myocardial infarction.
c. 10 to 15mmHg - Answers - What is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the
pulmonary capillaries?
a.0 to 5 mm Hg
b.5 to 10 mm Hg
c.10 to 15 mm Hg
d.15 to 20 mm Hg
d. 1, 3 and 4 (elevated homocysteine level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus) - Answers
- Which of the following are risk factors for coronary heart disease?
1. Elevated homocysteine level.
2. Elevated vitamin E level.
3. Hypertension.
4. Diabetes mellitus.
a.1
b.2, 3
c.2, 3, 4
d.1, 3, 4
C. Alveolar degassing can occur if the patient has inhaled a high oxygen percentage
and the bronchus is then blocked. When all of the oxygen is absorbed from the alveoli,
they will develop atelectasis. - Answers - A patient has a tumor blocking the left
mainstem bronchus. What additional factor would favor the development of atelectasis?
a.Breathing a nitric oxide mix (iNO)
b.Breathing a helium/oxygen mix (heliox)
c.Breathing a high percentage of oxygen
d.Breathing a low percentage of oxygen
b. administer albumin - Answers - A patient has a decreased oncotic pressure. What
can be done to increase it?
a.Implement a high-salt diet
b.Administer albumin
c.Administer milrinone
d.Administer morphine sulfate
a. provide supplemental oxygen - Answers - A patient with pulmonary edema is
cyanotic and complaining of difficulty breathing. What should be recommended by the
respiratory therapist?
a.Provide supplemental oxygen.
b.Begin mechanical ventilation.
c.Have the patient use pursed-lip breathing.
d.Begin bronchopulmonary hygiene therapy.
B. 10 to 15 mmhg - Answers - what is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the
pulmonary capillaries?
a. 5 to 10 mmhg
b. 10 to 15 mmhg
c. 15 to 20 mmhg
d. 20 to 25 mmhg
D. 20 to 25 mmhg - Answers - What is the normal oncotic pressure of the blood?
a. 10 to 15 mmhg
b. 15 to 20 mmhg
c. 20 to 25 mmhg
d. 20 to 25 mmhg
D. A craniotomy or other head surgery does not increase the risk for atelectasis.
Thoracic surgery (e.g., open heart surgery) and upper abdominal surgery (e.g.,
gallbladder removal or splenectomy) increase the risk for atelectasis. - Answers -
Examples of the types of surgical procedures that often result in atelectasis include:
1. open heart surgery.
2. craniotomy.
3. gallbladder removal.
4. splenectomy.
a. 1
,b. 2, 3
c. 2, 3, 4
d. 1, 3, 4
D. The development of immediate postoperative atelectasis is almost always related to
excessive bronchial secretions. - Answers - The development of immediate
postoperative atelectasis is commonly related to which of the following?
a.Inappropriate tidal volumes settings during surgery
b.The patient's comorbidities
c.Medication reactions and side effects
d.Excessive bronchial secretions
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is increased _____ pressure. - Answers
- Pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure
A. COPD does not usually lead to atelectasis. All of the other listed conditions are
restrictive in nature and can lead to atelectasis. - Answers - Which of the following
conditions is least likely to lead to atelectasis?
a.chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
b.acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
c.pleural effusion.
d.pneumothorax.
Increased capillary permeability stemming from infectious, inflammatory, and other
processes will result in the development of ____. - Answers - Pulmonary edema
Most common cause of pulmonary edema - Answers - left sided heart failure
PULMONARY EDEMA: ETIOLOGY - Answers - ■Over-hydration with intravenous
fluids
■Inflammation in lungs
■Low plasma protein levels (hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia)
-Decreases osmotic pressure of plasma
Caused by kidney or liver disease
■Blocked lymphatic drainage
■Pulmonary hypertension
Unknown causes: neurogenic condition, opioid overdose, high altitude
B. A small tidal volume on the mechanical ventilator and all of the other listed options
can decrease a patient's ability to generate a negative intrapleural pressure. - Answers
- Which of the following are precipitating factors that can decrease the patient's ability to
generate a negative intrapleural pressure?
1. Supine position
,2. Large tidal volume on the mechanical ventilator
3. Malnutrition
4. Obesity
a.2, 4
b.1, 3, 4
c.1, 2, 3
d.2, 3, 4
D. All of the listed options are precipitating factors for retained secretions that can lead
to atelectasis. - Answers - Which of the following are precipitating factors for retained
secretions that commonly lead to atelectasis?
1. Asthma
2. General anesthesia
3. Gastric aspiration
4. Smoking history
a.1, 4
b.2, 3
c.2, 3, 4
d.1, 2, 3, 4
b. Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi - Answers - As pulmonary edema progressives, the
fluid moves in which of the following sequences?
a.Peribronchial interstitial spaces, bronchi, trachea
b.Alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi
c.Bronchioles, bronchi, trachea
d.Pulmonary capillaries, alveoli, bronchioles
a. A restrictive pulmonary disorder - Answers - Pulmonary edema produces:
a.a restrictive pulmonary disorder.
b.an obstructive pulmonary disorder.
c.both a restrictive and obstructive disorders.
d.obstructive cardiac disease.
d. 1, 3, 4 (atelectasis, high surface tension of alveolar fluids, alveolar flooding) -
Answers - The major pathologic or structural changes seen in the lungs with pulmonary
edema include:
1. atelectasis.
2. bronchospasm.
3. high surface tension of alveolar fluids.
4. alveolar flooding.
, a.1, 4
b.2, 3
c.1, 2, 3
d.1, 3, 4
allergic reaction to drugs - Answers - All of the following are causes of cardiogenic
pulmonary edema EXCEPT:
allergic reaction to drugs.
congenital heart defects.
mitral valve disease.
myocardial infarction.
c. 10 to 15mmHg - Answers - What is the normal hydrostatic pressure in the
pulmonary capillaries?
a.0 to 5 mm Hg
b.5 to 10 mm Hg
c.10 to 15 mm Hg
d.15 to 20 mm Hg
d. 1, 3 and 4 (elevated homocysteine level, hypertension, diabetes mellitus) - Answers
- Which of the following are risk factors for coronary heart disease?
1. Elevated homocysteine level.
2. Elevated vitamin E level.
3. Hypertension.
4. Diabetes mellitus.
a.1
b.2, 3
c.2, 3, 4
d.1, 3, 4
C. Alveolar degassing can occur if the patient has inhaled a high oxygen percentage
and the bronchus is then blocked. When all of the oxygen is absorbed from the alveoli,
they will develop atelectasis. - Answers - A patient has a tumor blocking the left
mainstem bronchus. What additional factor would favor the development of atelectasis?
a.Breathing a nitric oxide mix (iNO)
b.Breathing a helium/oxygen mix (heliox)
c.Breathing a high percentage of oxygen
d.Breathing a low percentage of oxygen
