EC-6 TeXes Test Solved Correctly.
Grapheme - (answers)letter that represent a phoneme. !@#$%%%%%
B/a/y/ 3 graphemes: sound of b and a and y. %%%%%%
Morphemes - (answers)smallest unit of meaning.
Cat-1 morpheme: cats-2 morphemes.
Root words have 1 morpheme.
Adding a prefix or suffiix to root word increases amount of morphemes.
Phonology - (answers)sounds of a language.
Phoneme - (answers)basic unit of sound.
Sounds of letters in words.
Phonological awareness - (answers)identifying words, letters, syllables and phonemes.
Phonemic awareness - (answers)the ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual
sounds, phonemes, in oral language.
Onset - (answers)consonant(s) at the beginning of a syllable.
B/00k/ b is onset/ ook is rime.
Rime - (answers)vowel and consonant following onset.
Syntax - (answers)the structure of a phrase or sentence.
Semantics - (answers)meanings of words or phrases.
Important for fluency and comprehension.
Pragmatics - (answers)rules for effective communication in different contexts.
Developmental stages in aguiring oral language - (answers)phonological development,
semantic development, grammatical development, pragmatic development.
Phonological development - (answers)first stage in aquiring oral language.
Starts at age 2-3 mths, when babies begin cooing. (simple vowel sounds)
After cooing several mths, consonant sounds are added. (babbling)
8-18mths, babies begin first words.
Semantic development - (answers)second stage in aquiring oral language.
Toddlers use one word for an entire sentence. "milk" means "i want milk"
By age 2, most can say 2 words at a time, and more soon follow.
Then they begin to learn new words faster, but meaning isn't always correct.
,EC-6 TeXes Test Solved Correctly.
!@#$%%%%%
Grammatical development - (answers)preschoolers begin to make grammatical errors.
Ex: mouses, foots, goed. %%%%%%
Pragmatic development - (answers)important source to learning this is conversations with
adults.
Teaches taking turns, politeness, etc.
Tpri - (answers)texas primary reading inventory.
Used in grades k-2.
Used for assessing skills such as phonemic awareness, listening comprehension, and reading.
Alphabetic principle - (answers)relationship between sounds and letters.
An understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.
Graphophonemic knowledge - (answers)knowlede about specific relationships between
graphems and phonems.
Learning the name of letters, as well as correspondences between each letter and set of letters
and particular sounds.
Phonics - (answers)teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound
values.
Alphabetic recognition - (answers)ability to recognize printed letters based on their distinctive
shapes.
Emergent literacy - (answers)refers to child's beliefs about and experiences with reading and
writing prior to formal instruction. Leads to development of conventional literacy, which is
taught in elementary grades.
Includes children's earliest efforts to create or retell stories, to convey meaning through
drawing and writing, and to notice and express interest in print.
Encompasses both oral and written language.
Print awareness - (answers)understanding the nature of print, the functions it serves, and the
conventions governing its use.
Allows children to distinguish between words and other forms of representation, such as
pictures.
Its meaningfulness is enable by conventions of punctuation, spacing between words, left-righ
orientation, regular spelling, etc.
Environmental print - (answers)written text that is observable in one's surroundings, such as
signs, labels, stickers, billboards, and brand names.
Children recognize this by age 2.
,EC-6 TeXes Test Solved Correctly.
!@#$%%%%%
Invented spelling a.k.a developmental or phonetic spelling - (answers)encourage at this point,
not insisting on correct spelling. %%%%%%
If child asks for correct spelling, the teacher can provide it.
Contributes to conventional literacy development by allowing children to practice expressing
themselves through writing.
Children develop a positive attitude about writing if they feel they are capable of expressing
themselves in this way.
Choral reading - (answers)takes place when a group of students or the whole class reads out
loud.
Guided reading - (answers)teacher explains the purpose for reading a particular text as well as
structure for how to respond to what is read. Students are also encouraged to engage in
independent reading. , a teacher provides support for small, flexible groups of beginning
readers. As students read a text or book that is unfamiliar to them, the teacher works with them
to teach them how to use a variety of reading strategies. Which of the following reading
approaches is described?
Expository texts - (answers)informational books
Basal readers - (answers)consist of narratives and supplemental instructional materials,
including workbooks, skill sheets, and teacher manuals.
Word analysis - (answers)refers to recognition of words
Sight words - (answers)words recognized instantly, without analysis of the word's compnents.
Decoding - (answers)recognition of how written words sound.
Dipthongs - (answers)pairs of adjacent vowels that are both heard, such as "oy" in "toy".
Consonant blends - (answers)pairs of adjacent consonants that are both heard, such as "br" in
"break".
Digraphs - (answers)pair of adjacent vowels or consonants that are heard as a single sound,
such as the "ch" in cherry or "ee" in meet.
Phases of word analysis and decoding - (answers)1. Children notice environmental print, begin
to recognize entire words that have significance, such as names, restaurants, or model of family
car. Use fonts, colors, designs and backgrounds to recognize words.
2. Children view words analytically, they begin to understand graphophonemic patterns and a
variety of word-analysis and decoding strategies. Preschool & k
, EC-6 TeXes Test Solved Correctly.
3. Children recognize words in a relatively automatic way, without having to!@#$%%%%%
apply decoding
strategies. %%%%%%
Decodable texts - (answers)written materials that reflect the letter-sound relationships a
particular child already knows.
Help children progress to silent reading.
Running records - (answers)written accounts of changes in a specific behavior over time.
Good source of info about progress in word-analysis and decoding skills.
Allow teachers to track specific strategies that each child uses at different times, as well as the
kinds of mistakes the child makes and the extent of the childs improvement over time.
Fluent reader - (answers)ability to read quickly, accurately, smoothly, and with expression.
Also depends on ability to make use of prosodic cues.
Prosody - (answers)refers to pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhthym of language.
Includes both meaning of a written sentence and its punctuation.
Intonation - (answers)patterns of pitch that contribute to the meaning of phrases and
sentences.
4 stages of reading emergence/development - (answers)1. Pre-reading
2. Initial reading/decoding
3. Fluency
4. Reading to learn
Pre-reading stage - (answers)reading development stage where children may have alphabetic
and graphophonemic knowledge, and process of learning word-analysis skills, but do not have
ability to read unfamiliar words.
Their ability to read is limited to the recognition of a few sight words, such as their own names.
Initial reading stage/decoding stage - (answers)reading development stage of 1st and 2nd
graders, who must sound out words asthey read.
Children tend to focus on the decoding of individual words.
Sounding out words, one by one.
Fluency stage - (answers)reading development stage of children progressing through
elementary school, who become more familiar with written language, and their decoding
becomes more automatic as a result of learning more sight words.
Children become more fluent and expressive in their reading.
Reading to learn stage - (answers)reading development stage of children at the end of
elementary school, whos fluent reading has become relatively easy for most children, and they
Grapheme - (answers)letter that represent a phoneme. !@#$%%%%%
B/a/y/ 3 graphemes: sound of b and a and y. %%%%%%
Morphemes - (answers)smallest unit of meaning.
Cat-1 morpheme: cats-2 morphemes.
Root words have 1 morpheme.
Adding a prefix or suffiix to root word increases amount of morphemes.
Phonology - (answers)sounds of a language.
Phoneme - (answers)basic unit of sound.
Sounds of letters in words.
Phonological awareness - (answers)identifying words, letters, syllables and phonemes.
Phonemic awareness - (answers)the ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual
sounds, phonemes, in oral language.
Onset - (answers)consonant(s) at the beginning of a syllable.
B/00k/ b is onset/ ook is rime.
Rime - (answers)vowel and consonant following onset.
Syntax - (answers)the structure of a phrase or sentence.
Semantics - (answers)meanings of words or phrases.
Important for fluency and comprehension.
Pragmatics - (answers)rules for effective communication in different contexts.
Developmental stages in aguiring oral language - (answers)phonological development,
semantic development, grammatical development, pragmatic development.
Phonological development - (answers)first stage in aquiring oral language.
Starts at age 2-3 mths, when babies begin cooing. (simple vowel sounds)
After cooing several mths, consonant sounds are added. (babbling)
8-18mths, babies begin first words.
Semantic development - (answers)second stage in aquiring oral language.
Toddlers use one word for an entire sentence. "milk" means "i want milk"
By age 2, most can say 2 words at a time, and more soon follow.
Then they begin to learn new words faster, but meaning isn't always correct.
,EC-6 TeXes Test Solved Correctly.
!@#$%%%%%
Grammatical development - (answers)preschoolers begin to make grammatical errors.
Ex: mouses, foots, goed. %%%%%%
Pragmatic development - (answers)important source to learning this is conversations with
adults.
Teaches taking turns, politeness, etc.
Tpri - (answers)texas primary reading inventory.
Used in grades k-2.
Used for assessing skills such as phonemic awareness, listening comprehension, and reading.
Alphabetic principle - (answers)relationship between sounds and letters.
An understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words.
Graphophonemic knowledge - (answers)knowlede about specific relationships between
graphems and phonems.
Learning the name of letters, as well as correspondences between each letter and set of letters
and particular sounds.
Phonics - (answers)teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound
values.
Alphabetic recognition - (answers)ability to recognize printed letters based on their distinctive
shapes.
Emergent literacy - (answers)refers to child's beliefs about and experiences with reading and
writing prior to formal instruction. Leads to development of conventional literacy, which is
taught in elementary grades.
Includes children's earliest efforts to create or retell stories, to convey meaning through
drawing and writing, and to notice and express interest in print.
Encompasses both oral and written language.
Print awareness - (answers)understanding the nature of print, the functions it serves, and the
conventions governing its use.
Allows children to distinguish between words and other forms of representation, such as
pictures.
Its meaningfulness is enable by conventions of punctuation, spacing between words, left-righ
orientation, regular spelling, etc.
Environmental print - (answers)written text that is observable in one's surroundings, such as
signs, labels, stickers, billboards, and brand names.
Children recognize this by age 2.
,EC-6 TeXes Test Solved Correctly.
!@#$%%%%%
Invented spelling a.k.a developmental or phonetic spelling - (answers)encourage at this point,
not insisting on correct spelling. %%%%%%
If child asks for correct spelling, the teacher can provide it.
Contributes to conventional literacy development by allowing children to practice expressing
themselves through writing.
Children develop a positive attitude about writing if they feel they are capable of expressing
themselves in this way.
Choral reading - (answers)takes place when a group of students or the whole class reads out
loud.
Guided reading - (answers)teacher explains the purpose for reading a particular text as well as
structure for how to respond to what is read. Students are also encouraged to engage in
independent reading. , a teacher provides support for small, flexible groups of beginning
readers. As students read a text or book that is unfamiliar to them, the teacher works with them
to teach them how to use a variety of reading strategies. Which of the following reading
approaches is described?
Expository texts - (answers)informational books
Basal readers - (answers)consist of narratives and supplemental instructional materials,
including workbooks, skill sheets, and teacher manuals.
Word analysis - (answers)refers to recognition of words
Sight words - (answers)words recognized instantly, without analysis of the word's compnents.
Decoding - (answers)recognition of how written words sound.
Dipthongs - (answers)pairs of adjacent vowels that are both heard, such as "oy" in "toy".
Consonant blends - (answers)pairs of adjacent consonants that are both heard, such as "br" in
"break".
Digraphs - (answers)pair of adjacent vowels or consonants that are heard as a single sound,
such as the "ch" in cherry or "ee" in meet.
Phases of word analysis and decoding - (answers)1. Children notice environmental print, begin
to recognize entire words that have significance, such as names, restaurants, or model of family
car. Use fonts, colors, designs and backgrounds to recognize words.
2. Children view words analytically, they begin to understand graphophonemic patterns and a
variety of word-analysis and decoding strategies. Preschool & k
, EC-6 TeXes Test Solved Correctly.
3. Children recognize words in a relatively automatic way, without having to!@#$%%%%%
apply decoding
strategies. %%%%%%
Decodable texts - (answers)written materials that reflect the letter-sound relationships a
particular child already knows.
Help children progress to silent reading.
Running records - (answers)written accounts of changes in a specific behavior over time.
Good source of info about progress in word-analysis and decoding skills.
Allow teachers to track specific strategies that each child uses at different times, as well as the
kinds of mistakes the child makes and the extent of the childs improvement over time.
Fluent reader - (answers)ability to read quickly, accurately, smoothly, and with expression.
Also depends on ability to make use of prosodic cues.
Prosody - (answers)refers to pitch, loudness, tempo, and rhthym of language.
Includes both meaning of a written sentence and its punctuation.
Intonation - (answers)patterns of pitch that contribute to the meaning of phrases and
sentences.
4 stages of reading emergence/development - (answers)1. Pre-reading
2. Initial reading/decoding
3. Fluency
4. Reading to learn
Pre-reading stage - (answers)reading development stage where children may have alphabetic
and graphophonemic knowledge, and process of learning word-analysis skills, but do not have
ability to read unfamiliar words.
Their ability to read is limited to the recognition of a few sight words, such as their own names.
Initial reading stage/decoding stage - (answers)reading development stage of 1st and 2nd
graders, who must sound out words asthey read.
Children tend to focus on the decoding of individual words.
Sounding out words, one by one.
Fluency stage - (answers)reading development stage of children progressing through
elementary school, who become more familiar with written language, and their decoding
becomes more automatic as a result of learning more sight words.
Children become more fluent and expressive in their reading.
Reading to learn stage - (answers)reading development stage of children at the end of
elementary school, whos fluent reading has become relatively easy for most children, and they
