GMS 6401 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
100% VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS!!
What are the general functions of the kidney?
monitor/control body fluid volume
excrete drugs and metabolic waste
makes glucose
makes ammonia/bicarb (to maintain acid-base balance)
makes renin and hormones
Which hormones and enzymes are made by the kidney?
renin, erythropoietin, 1-25(OH)2, vitamin D
What are the three basic renal processes?
1. plasma filtration
2. secretes peritubular blood into the tubule
3. reabsorption of valuable solutes
Where is the adrenal gland located?
above the kidney
Describe the kidney location
retroperitoneal; encased in fat
How do the kidneys receive blood?
kidneys receive arterial blood from abdominal aorta to renal artery
How does venous blood leave the kidneys?
venous blood is returned to the vena cava via the renal vein
How does urine leave the kidney?
via the ureter through 'micturition'
,What are the two main sets of structures in the kidney?
1. blood vessels
2. tubules (epithelial)
Which arteries provide the blood supply to the kidneys?
aorta, renal artery, segmental arteries, inter-lobar (cortical radial) arteries and arcuate artery
What is created from the cortical radial arteries?
afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peri-tubular capillaries/vasa recta
What are the three types of glomeruli? Where are they located?
cortical: 90% outer 2/3 of cortex
juxtamedullary: 10% inner 1/3 of cortex
nephron: glomerulus + tubule
all glomeruli are located in the cortex
What makes up the renal corpuscle?
glomerular capillary and surrounding epithelial layer and Bowman's capsule
glomerulus
structurally unique: series of loops that rejoin to form the efferent arteriole
mesangial cells
centrally located, structural, contractile, synthetic, phagocytic, immune cells
Where is each segment of the glomerulus located?
proximal and distal convoluted tubule = cortex
proximal straight tubule (pars recta) and loop of Henle = start in cortex and extend into medulla
collecting duct = begins in cortex and extends to tip of inner medulla (papilla)
distal and collecting duct = distal nephron
, macula densa = specialized region at junction between thick ascending limb of loop of Henle and
distal convoluted tubule
cortical nephron
nephrons with glomeruli in the outer cortex
What gives rise to the peri-tubular capillaries?
efferent arterioles
juxtamedullary nephrons
nephrons with glomeruli in inner cortex; bigger; higher GFR
What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula densa, extraglomerular mesangium, terminal portion of afferent arteriole
granular cells
important for renin synthesis; mainly in afferent arteriole
Why is the juxtaglmoerular apparatus functionally important?
it allows the tubule to communicate with the blood vessels that supply it
How are transporting epithelial transporting tubules structured?
cell membranes are asymmetric; Na+K+ATPase on outside (peritubular) surface; inside has
variable sodium permeability;
How is the renal system innervated?
mostly sympathetic to afferent and efferent arterioles, proximal tubule, and thick ascending limb;
NO significant parasympathetic innervation; some non-adrenergic cholinergic nerves; nitric
oxide NT
What is the neurotransmitter for renal sympathetic innervation?
norepinephrine
What are the two main types of afferent nerves?
100% VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS!!
What are the general functions of the kidney?
monitor/control body fluid volume
excrete drugs and metabolic waste
makes glucose
makes ammonia/bicarb (to maintain acid-base balance)
makes renin and hormones
Which hormones and enzymes are made by the kidney?
renin, erythropoietin, 1-25(OH)2, vitamin D
What are the three basic renal processes?
1. plasma filtration
2. secretes peritubular blood into the tubule
3. reabsorption of valuable solutes
Where is the adrenal gland located?
above the kidney
Describe the kidney location
retroperitoneal; encased in fat
How do the kidneys receive blood?
kidneys receive arterial blood from abdominal aorta to renal artery
How does venous blood leave the kidneys?
venous blood is returned to the vena cava via the renal vein
How does urine leave the kidney?
via the ureter through 'micturition'
,What are the two main sets of structures in the kidney?
1. blood vessels
2. tubules (epithelial)
Which arteries provide the blood supply to the kidneys?
aorta, renal artery, segmental arteries, inter-lobar (cortical radial) arteries and arcuate artery
What is created from the cortical radial arteries?
afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peri-tubular capillaries/vasa recta
What are the three types of glomeruli? Where are they located?
cortical: 90% outer 2/3 of cortex
juxtamedullary: 10% inner 1/3 of cortex
nephron: glomerulus + tubule
all glomeruli are located in the cortex
What makes up the renal corpuscle?
glomerular capillary and surrounding epithelial layer and Bowman's capsule
glomerulus
structurally unique: series of loops that rejoin to form the efferent arteriole
mesangial cells
centrally located, structural, contractile, synthetic, phagocytic, immune cells
Where is each segment of the glomerulus located?
proximal and distal convoluted tubule = cortex
proximal straight tubule (pars recta) and loop of Henle = start in cortex and extend into medulla
collecting duct = begins in cortex and extends to tip of inner medulla (papilla)
distal and collecting duct = distal nephron
, macula densa = specialized region at junction between thick ascending limb of loop of Henle and
distal convoluted tubule
cortical nephron
nephrons with glomeruli in the outer cortex
What gives rise to the peri-tubular capillaries?
efferent arterioles
juxtamedullary nephrons
nephrons with glomeruli in inner cortex; bigger; higher GFR
What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
macula densa, extraglomerular mesangium, terminal portion of afferent arteriole
granular cells
important for renin synthesis; mainly in afferent arteriole
Why is the juxtaglmoerular apparatus functionally important?
it allows the tubule to communicate with the blood vessels that supply it
How are transporting epithelial transporting tubules structured?
cell membranes are asymmetric; Na+K+ATPase on outside (peritubular) surface; inside has
variable sodium permeability;
How is the renal system innervated?
mostly sympathetic to afferent and efferent arterioles, proximal tubule, and thick ascending limb;
NO significant parasympathetic innervation; some non-adrenergic cholinergic nerves; nitric
oxide NT
What is the neurotransmitter for renal sympathetic innervation?
norepinephrine
What are the two main types of afferent nerves?
