GMS 6401 EXAM ALL QUESTIONS AND
100% VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS!!
T/F: plasma pH is closely regulated at 7.4
true
acidemia
when PpH is below 7.35 (H+ increase)
alkalemia
PpH above 7.45
acidosis
excess hydrogen ions in the body
alkalosis
depleted H+ within the body
How are acidemia, alkalemia, acidosis, and alkalosis linked?
TYPICALLY acidemia occurs in acidosis and alkalemia occurs in alkalosis
What are the sources of metabolic acid?
1. continual production of organic acids (i.e. lactic acid)
2. production of fixed acids from protein metabolism (i.e. sulphuric/phosphoric acid) (minor
source)
What is the connection between diabetes and ketoacidosis?
ketoacids are extensively overproduced which overloads the metabolic capacity of the liver and
causes organic acids to accumulate in the body
What are the defense mechanisms for the acid-base balance?
, 1. immediate: rapid buffering by body's buffers
2. intermediate: respiratory CO2 compensation
3. long term: renal compensation; H+ removal and HCO3- regeneration
T/F: A decrease in intracellular potassium within principal cells causes decreased urine
potassium flow
true
T/F: Increased aldosterone release stimulates K+ secretion and excretion to compensate
against chronic metabolic acidosis
true
T/F: HCO3- is a very important buffer
true
How are PCO2 and chemoreceptors connected?
when PCO2 increases (acidity increases), stimulates respiratory increase through CO2
chemoreceptors (direct); stimulus to increase respiration through plasma pH reduction (indirect)
What is the major transporter for the secretion of hydrogen within the proximal tubule?
Na+H+ exchange (NHE3)
Where and how is hydrogen reabsorbed within the tubule?
80% within proximal tubule (because of carbonic anhydrase presence in the lumen)
10% reabsorbed in TALH
10% in distal nephron
What are the contributing factors to the newly generated HCO3?
1/3 new HCO3 = from titratable acid excretion
2/3 new HCO3 = NH4 excretion
What is the normal pH of urine?
6.5-4.5
100% VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS!!
T/F: plasma pH is closely regulated at 7.4
true
acidemia
when PpH is below 7.35 (H+ increase)
alkalemia
PpH above 7.45
acidosis
excess hydrogen ions in the body
alkalosis
depleted H+ within the body
How are acidemia, alkalemia, acidosis, and alkalosis linked?
TYPICALLY acidemia occurs in acidosis and alkalemia occurs in alkalosis
What are the sources of metabolic acid?
1. continual production of organic acids (i.e. lactic acid)
2. production of fixed acids from protein metabolism (i.e. sulphuric/phosphoric acid) (minor
source)
What is the connection between diabetes and ketoacidosis?
ketoacids are extensively overproduced which overloads the metabolic capacity of the liver and
causes organic acids to accumulate in the body
What are the defense mechanisms for the acid-base balance?
, 1. immediate: rapid buffering by body's buffers
2. intermediate: respiratory CO2 compensation
3. long term: renal compensation; H+ removal and HCO3- regeneration
T/F: A decrease in intracellular potassium within principal cells causes decreased urine
potassium flow
true
T/F: Increased aldosterone release stimulates K+ secretion and excretion to compensate
against chronic metabolic acidosis
true
T/F: HCO3- is a very important buffer
true
How are PCO2 and chemoreceptors connected?
when PCO2 increases (acidity increases), stimulates respiratory increase through CO2
chemoreceptors (direct); stimulus to increase respiration through plasma pH reduction (indirect)
What is the major transporter for the secretion of hydrogen within the proximal tubule?
Na+H+ exchange (NHE3)
Where and how is hydrogen reabsorbed within the tubule?
80% within proximal tubule (because of carbonic anhydrase presence in the lumen)
10% reabsorbed in TALH
10% in distal nephron
What are the contributing factors to the newly generated HCO3?
1/3 new HCO3 = from titratable acid excretion
2/3 new HCO3 = NH4 excretion
What is the normal pH of urine?
6.5-4.5
