Pharmacology exam 2
Lourdes CRNA 2024/2025
EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. Volatile Agents: desflurane
(suprane) Isoflurane (forane)
sevoflurane (ultane)
2. Non-volatile agents: nitrous
oxide
3. des, iso, sevo, nitrous oxide
classification:: general anesthetics
inhalation anesthetics
4. halogens: strongest electronegative
5. flourine ______ & ______ cells: oxidizes
damages
,6. T or F
Flourine can be harmful to the body: true
7. inorganic molecule example: nitrous oxide
8. inorganic molecule means:: no carbon (doesnt contain carbon)
9. organic compounds example: halogenated ethers
10. organic compounds means:: contain carbon
11. ethers means contains:: oxygen
12. des, sevo, and iso are all: ether molecules
13. sevoflurane has _____ flourides: 7
14. Halothane: first non-explosive, non flammable gas
15. inhalation agents:
mechanism of action: we dont know
- we know why some work because they bind to cell membrane or to GABA
16. T or F
GABA has various binding sites: true
17. GABAa receptor is a transmembrane receptor with an anion channel
permeable to: chloride
18. effects of general anesthetics and sedatives are mediated at different
locations on receptor, either by their ability to ______ the GABAa
receptor channel directly or by _____ GABA binding to potentiate GABA
responses: activate/gate modulating
19. Locations in body where unconciousness occur: cortex, thalamus,
brainstem
-
,20. locations in body where amnesia occur: amygdala, hippocampus
21. locations in body where analgesia occur: spinothalamic tract
22. locations in body where immobility occur: spinal cord, central pattern
generators
23. _____ _____ contribute to the sedation unconsciousness, amnesia,
immobility, and analgesic actions of anesthetics: multiple targets
24. the more ____ soluble the anesthetic the higher the potency: lipid
25. immobilizing effect of inhaled anesthetics involves actions in the _____:
spinal cord
26. what do anesthetics do to the brain, heart, kidney, liver, etc?: they
depress it
27. _____ & _____ are the 2 drugs that increase IOP: succinylcholine ketamine
28. effects of drug on the following physiologic compartments:
central and autonomic nervous system: -anesthesia
- decreased oxygen consumption- CMRO2
-decreased intra-ocular pressure
- increased intracranial pressure resulting from cerebral vasodilation
29. anesthesia: dose dependent depression of the CNS and autonomic nervous
systems
30. CMRO2 stands for: cerebral metabolic rate O2
- oxygen consumption in brain
31. anesthesia protects the brain from: decreased oxygen
32. increased ICP resulting from cerebral vasodilation can be counteracted
by: modest hyperventilation pCO2 30-35
, 33. CPP=: MAP - ICP
34. intracranial pressure-volume relationship: when compensatory latitudes
are exhausted, small volume increments result in: large increase in ICP
with the associated hazards of herniation or of decreased
CPP resulting in ischemia
35. the more volatile agent you give the _____ autoregulation you have: less
36. neuro cases may only give _____ MAC to maintain _____: 1/2
autoregulation
37. Various influence that autoregulate brain (4): 1) transmural pressure
2) PaCO2 vasodilation (increased CO2)
3) endothelin-1, thromboxane, nitric oxide --> stimulate smooth muscle
4) acetylcholine, nitric oxide, serotonin, neuropeptide Y --> neurotransmitters with
vasoactive properties
38. intracranial compartments and techniques for manipulation of their
volume:: - cells
fluid (intracellular and extracellular)
CSF
arterial blood
- venous blood
39. volume control method:
cellsfluid-
CSF-
arterial blood-
-
Lourdes CRNA 2024/2025
EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. Volatile Agents: desflurane
(suprane) Isoflurane (forane)
sevoflurane (ultane)
2. Non-volatile agents: nitrous
oxide
3. des, iso, sevo, nitrous oxide
classification:: general anesthetics
inhalation anesthetics
4. halogens: strongest electronegative
5. flourine ______ & ______ cells: oxidizes
damages
,6. T or F
Flourine can be harmful to the body: true
7. inorganic molecule example: nitrous oxide
8. inorganic molecule means:: no carbon (doesnt contain carbon)
9. organic compounds example: halogenated ethers
10. organic compounds means:: contain carbon
11. ethers means contains:: oxygen
12. des, sevo, and iso are all: ether molecules
13. sevoflurane has _____ flourides: 7
14. Halothane: first non-explosive, non flammable gas
15. inhalation agents:
mechanism of action: we dont know
- we know why some work because they bind to cell membrane or to GABA
16. T or F
GABA has various binding sites: true
17. GABAa receptor is a transmembrane receptor with an anion channel
permeable to: chloride
18. effects of general anesthetics and sedatives are mediated at different
locations on receptor, either by their ability to ______ the GABAa
receptor channel directly or by _____ GABA binding to potentiate GABA
responses: activate/gate modulating
19. Locations in body where unconciousness occur: cortex, thalamus,
brainstem
-
,20. locations in body where amnesia occur: amygdala, hippocampus
21. locations in body where analgesia occur: spinothalamic tract
22. locations in body where immobility occur: spinal cord, central pattern
generators
23. _____ _____ contribute to the sedation unconsciousness, amnesia,
immobility, and analgesic actions of anesthetics: multiple targets
24. the more ____ soluble the anesthetic the higher the potency: lipid
25. immobilizing effect of inhaled anesthetics involves actions in the _____:
spinal cord
26. what do anesthetics do to the brain, heart, kidney, liver, etc?: they
depress it
27. _____ & _____ are the 2 drugs that increase IOP: succinylcholine ketamine
28. effects of drug on the following physiologic compartments:
central and autonomic nervous system: -anesthesia
- decreased oxygen consumption- CMRO2
-decreased intra-ocular pressure
- increased intracranial pressure resulting from cerebral vasodilation
29. anesthesia: dose dependent depression of the CNS and autonomic nervous
systems
30. CMRO2 stands for: cerebral metabolic rate O2
- oxygen consumption in brain
31. anesthesia protects the brain from: decreased oxygen
32. increased ICP resulting from cerebral vasodilation can be counteracted
by: modest hyperventilation pCO2 30-35
, 33. CPP=: MAP - ICP
34. intracranial pressure-volume relationship: when compensatory latitudes
are exhausted, small volume increments result in: large increase in ICP
with the associated hazards of herniation or of decreased
CPP resulting in ischemia
35. the more volatile agent you give the _____ autoregulation you have: less
36. neuro cases may only give _____ MAC to maintain _____: 1/2
autoregulation
37. Various influence that autoregulate brain (4): 1) transmural pressure
2) PaCO2 vasodilation (increased CO2)
3) endothelin-1, thromboxane, nitric oxide --> stimulate smooth muscle
4) acetylcholine, nitric oxide, serotonin, neuropeptide Y --> neurotransmitters with
vasoactive properties
38. intracranial compartments and techniques for manipulation of their
volume:: - cells
fluid (intracellular and extracellular)
CSF
arterial blood
- venous blood
39. volume control method:
cellsfluid-
CSF-
arterial blood-
-
