pharmacology – cpnre 2024/2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. what is angina pectoris?
- variable presentation?
- precipitating factors?: •Chest discomfort arising from the heart due to lack of
oxygen to the heart muscle
•Variable presentations: Squeezing in the chest, pressure, tightness; choking;
burning; heaviness; may radiate to neck, shoulder, jaw
•Precipitating factors: Physical activity, exposure to cold, drinking caffeine-
containing beverages, smoking, emotional stress, sexual intercourse, eating large
meals
2. what are the 3 types of angina pectoris?: •Chronic stable angina
•Precipitated by stress or exertion, short duration
•Relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
•Probable cause: Fixed atherosclerotic obstruction
•Unstable angina
•Unpredictable; changes in frequency, duration, onset
•Probable cause: Atherosclerosis and thrombus formation
•Variant angina: Occurs at rest, characteristic ECG changes
,•Probable cause: Vasospasm of the coronary artery
3. what is the goal of treatment to angina pectoris?: •Prevent myocardial
infarction and death; pain relief
4. what are some drug classes that treat angina?: •Nitrates
•Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
•ACE inhibitors
•Calcium channel blockers
•Fatty oxidase enzyme inhibitors
•Statins
•Platelet-active agents
5. drug class: nitrates
- nitroglycerin
+ action
+ use
+ common adverse effect
+ drug interaction: •Actions: Decreases oxygen demand on heart; dilates arteries
and veins; reduces blood volume; decreases preload on heart
•Use: Drug of choice to treat angina pectoris
•Common adverse effects: Excessive hypotension, prolonged headache, tolerance
(with longer-acting nitrates)
•Drug interaction: ED drugs [sildenafil (Viagra)] can potentially lower blood pressure
6. how should you carry nitroglycerin: •Inform the patient of medication
deterioration; every 6 months, nitroglycerin prescriptions should be refilled and
a dark-colored glass container should be used for storage.
7. how should you take nitrates?: •Sublingual use for emergencies
,•Have patient sit or lie down
•Place nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue, allow to dissolve without swallowing
saliva immediately
•If chest pain not relieved within 5 minutes, seek medical attention
•While waiting for emergency care, take 1 tablet 5 minutes later, if unrelieved in 5
minutes, take another tablet
8. transdermal patch admin for nitrates ( nitro): •Don gloves and apply disk to
clean, dry, hairless intact skin. Don't shave hair or apply to scars, skinfolds, or
wounds
•If disk dislodges, replace with new disk
•Sublingual nitroglycerin may be given for acute attack
•Remove for 8 to 12 hours to avoid tolerance
•Dispose of used patches out of the reach of children
9. what is the function of the adrenal glands? what are the subcategories:
±Secrete two types of corticosteroids (hormones)
°Mineralocorticoids
±Fludrocortisone
±Aldosterone
°Glucocorticoids
±Cortisone
±Hydrocortisone
±Prednisone
10. drug class: mineralocorticoids
- fludrocortisone (florinet)
+action
, +uses
+ therapeutic outcomes
+adverse effects: ±Action: Affects fluid and electrolyte balance, causing sodium
and water retention
±Uses: Treatment of adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease
±Therapeutic outcomes: Control of blood pressure, restoration of fluid and
electrolyte balance
±Adverse effects: Sodium accumulation, potassium depletion
11. corticosteroid therapy: use with caution
- carefully monitor patients with: (6): °Diabetes mellitus
°Heart failure
°Hypertension
°Peptic ulcer disease
°Mental disturbance
°Suspected infections
12. what are some major treatable causes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease?: •Cigarette smoking
•Sedentary lifestyle
•Poor eating habits leading to obesity
•Hypertension
•Type 2 diabetes mellitus
•Atherosclerosis
13. what is hyperlipidemia and what does is risk?: •Major cause of
atherosclerosis
•Atherosclerosis characterized by fatty deposits in artery walls
ANSWERS PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. what is angina pectoris?
- variable presentation?
- precipitating factors?: •Chest discomfort arising from the heart due to lack of
oxygen to the heart muscle
•Variable presentations: Squeezing in the chest, pressure, tightness; choking;
burning; heaviness; may radiate to neck, shoulder, jaw
•Precipitating factors: Physical activity, exposure to cold, drinking caffeine-
containing beverages, smoking, emotional stress, sexual intercourse, eating large
meals
2. what are the 3 types of angina pectoris?: •Chronic stable angina
•Precipitated by stress or exertion, short duration
•Relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
•Probable cause: Fixed atherosclerotic obstruction
•Unstable angina
•Unpredictable; changes in frequency, duration, onset
•Probable cause: Atherosclerosis and thrombus formation
•Variant angina: Occurs at rest, characteristic ECG changes
,•Probable cause: Vasospasm of the coronary artery
3. what is the goal of treatment to angina pectoris?: •Prevent myocardial
infarction and death; pain relief
4. what are some drug classes that treat angina?: •Nitrates
•Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
•ACE inhibitors
•Calcium channel blockers
•Fatty oxidase enzyme inhibitors
•Statins
•Platelet-active agents
5. drug class: nitrates
- nitroglycerin
+ action
+ use
+ common adverse effect
+ drug interaction: •Actions: Decreases oxygen demand on heart; dilates arteries
and veins; reduces blood volume; decreases preload on heart
•Use: Drug of choice to treat angina pectoris
•Common adverse effects: Excessive hypotension, prolonged headache, tolerance
(with longer-acting nitrates)
•Drug interaction: ED drugs [sildenafil (Viagra)] can potentially lower blood pressure
6. how should you carry nitroglycerin: •Inform the patient of medication
deterioration; every 6 months, nitroglycerin prescriptions should be refilled and
a dark-colored glass container should be used for storage.
7. how should you take nitrates?: •Sublingual use for emergencies
,•Have patient sit or lie down
•Place nitroglycerin tablet under the tongue, allow to dissolve without swallowing
saliva immediately
•If chest pain not relieved within 5 minutes, seek medical attention
•While waiting for emergency care, take 1 tablet 5 minutes later, if unrelieved in 5
minutes, take another tablet
8. transdermal patch admin for nitrates ( nitro): •Don gloves and apply disk to
clean, dry, hairless intact skin. Don't shave hair or apply to scars, skinfolds, or
wounds
•If disk dislodges, replace with new disk
•Sublingual nitroglycerin may be given for acute attack
•Remove for 8 to 12 hours to avoid tolerance
•Dispose of used patches out of the reach of children
9. what is the function of the adrenal glands? what are the subcategories:
±Secrete two types of corticosteroids (hormones)
°Mineralocorticoids
±Fludrocortisone
±Aldosterone
°Glucocorticoids
±Cortisone
±Hydrocortisone
±Prednisone
10. drug class: mineralocorticoids
- fludrocortisone (florinet)
+action
, +uses
+ therapeutic outcomes
+adverse effects: ±Action: Affects fluid and electrolyte balance, causing sodium
and water retention
±Uses: Treatment of adrenal insufficiency, Addison's disease
±Therapeutic outcomes: Control of blood pressure, restoration of fluid and
electrolyte balance
±Adverse effects: Sodium accumulation, potassium depletion
11. corticosteroid therapy: use with caution
- carefully monitor patients with: (6): °Diabetes mellitus
°Heart failure
°Hypertension
°Peptic ulcer disease
°Mental disturbance
°Suspected infections
12. what are some major treatable causes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular
disease?: •Cigarette smoking
•Sedentary lifestyle
•Poor eating habits leading to obesity
•Hypertension
•Type 2 diabetes mellitus
•Atherosclerosis
13. what is hyperlipidemia and what does is risk?: •Major cause of
atherosclerosis
•Atherosclerosis characterized by fatty deposits in artery walls
