MIC 102 TEST PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Glycocalyces - ✔✔either a capsule or slime layer around cell wall
✔✔s-layers - ✔✔outside cell wall, they are capsules
✔✔bacteria pilus - ✔✔can help w/ movement, outside membrane, used in conjugation,
used to attach to host, can be rapidly assemble/disassembled
✔✔nuclei - ✔✔dna is not separate from cell, transcription and translation occur together
✔✔genome size - ✔✔can be smaller when attached to a host, size corresponds to
complexity roughly
✔✔in bacterial chromosomes - ✔✔dna binding proteins help make loops cations and to
dna to neutralize charges, no histones
✔✔cytoplasm - ✔✔crowding aids in protein folding and chemical rxns
✔✔gas vesicles - ✔✔bacteria and arches both have, they adjust levels for light
gathering, can use in day or night
✔✔thylakoids - ✔✔made out of membrane kinda, enhance light gathering abilities,
increase surface area, stacks of membrane sac
✔✔carboxysomes - ✔✔used in bacteria to fix co2, provide a component to make
rubisco
✔✔magnetosomes - ✔✔have iron that is magnifies, attached to membrane, and works
like a compass, membrane bound structure
✔✔archael envelopes - ✔✔have isoprene that add stability and can interact w/ each
other, archea have pseudomurein
✔✔archea similar characteristics - ✔✔have ribosomes inbetween bacteria and
eukaryotes, histone like proteins for chromosome management, have archella similar to
flagella but are powered by ATP hydrolysis
✔✔macromolecules - ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, all are
building blocks except lipids, high energy cost to make
✔✔catabolism - ✔✔large molecules are broken down releasing energy
, ✔✔anabolism - ✔✔small molecules assembled into larger ones, using energy
✔✔growth metabolism - ✔✔makes new cells, highly regulated bc takes much energy
✔✔maintenance metabolism - ✔✔day to day, no growth process, cell structure repair,
motility, sectretion
✔✔one cell to two - ✔✔inputs and outputs vary, processes are the same
✔✔precursor metabolites - ✔✔there are 13, used to build building blocks, most
microbes can synthesize all building blocks with all 13
✔✔Atp - ✔✔ATP Hydrolysis provides useable energy to the cell, not the highest energy
source PEP, and others are higher
✔✔NAD+ - ✔✔main electron carrier
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔needed for biosynthesis
✔✔delta G - ✔✔positive= consumes energy
negative= releases energy
✔✔substrate-level phosphorylation - ✔✔add P to a substrate, substrate is oxidized
energizing the P bond, bond is transferred to ADP to make ATP, (makes NADH as well)
✔✔Ion gradients - ✔✔common for NADH and NAD, electrons are passed through ETC,
H+ transferred accross membrane, ATP synthase uses PMF to make ATP, used a lot
with respiration and photosynthesis
✔✔regulating metabolism - ✔✔to regulate must physically seperate metabolites and
enzymes, compartmentalizing them
✔✔histidine - ✔✔allosterically inhibits the first enzyme in histidine biosynthesis, this is
feedback inhibition, most building blocks do this.
✔✔allosteric regulation - ✔✔complex
✔✔fueling reactions - ✔✔produce precursors, ATP, Reducing power (NADH), and are
mostly catabolic
✔✔Chemoorganotroph - ✔✔Fuel ways: fermentation, respiration,
✔✔Fermentation - ✔✔Produces the least ATP, simple mechanism, needs NAD+ to run
it, used to make ATP and NADH, HAS NO ETC
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Glycocalyces - ✔✔either a capsule or slime layer around cell wall
✔✔s-layers - ✔✔outside cell wall, they are capsules
✔✔bacteria pilus - ✔✔can help w/ movement, outside membrane, used in conjugation,
used to attach to host, can be rapidly assemble/disassembled
✔✔nuclei - ✔✔dna is not separate from cell, transcription and translation occur together
✔✔genome size - ✔✔can be smaller when attached to a host, size corresponds to
complexity roughly
✔✔in bacterial chromosomes - ✔✔dna binding proteins help make loops cations and to
dna to neutralize charges, no histones
✔✔cytoplasm - ✔✔crowding aids in protein folding and chemical rxns
✔✔gas vesicles - ✔✔bacteria and arches both have, they adjust levels for light
gathering, can use in day or night
✔✔thylakoids - ✔✔made out of membrane kinda, enhance light gathering abilities,
increase surface area, stacks of membrane sac
✔✔carboxysomes - ✔✔used in bacteria to fix co2, provide a component to make
rubisco
✔✔magnetosomes - ✔✔have iron that is magnifies, attached to membrane, and works
like a compass, membrane bound structure
✔✔archael envelopes - ✔✔have isoprene that add stability and can interact w/ each
other, archea have pseudomurein
✔✔archea similar characteristics - ✔✔have ribosomes inbetween bacteria and
eukaryotes, histone like proteins for chromosome management, have archella similar to
flagella but are powered by ATP hydrolysis
✔✔macromolecules - ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, all are
building blocks except lipids, high energy cost to make
✔✔catabolism - ✔✔large molecules are broken down releasing energy
, ✔✔anabolism - ✔✔small molecules assembled into larger ones, using energy
✔✔growth metabolism - ✔✔makes new cells, highly regulated bc takes much energy
✔✔maintenance metabolism - ✔✔day to day, no growth process, cell structure repair,
motility, sectretion
✔✔one cell to two - ✔✔inputs and outputs vary, processes are the same
✔✔precursor metabolites - ✔✔there are 13, used to build building blocks, most
microbes can synthesize all building blocks with all 13
✔✔Atp - ✔✔ATP Hydrolysis provides useable energy to the cell, not the highest energy
source PEP, and others are higher
✔✔NAD+ - ✔✔main electron carrier
✔✔NADPH - ✔✔needed for biosynthesis
✔✔delta G - ✔✔positive= consumes energy
negative= releases energy
✔✔substrate-level phosphorylation - ✔✔add P to a substrate, substrate is oxidized
energizing the P bond, bond is transferred to ADP to make ATP, (makes NADH as well)
✔✔Ion gradients - ✔✔common for NADH and NAD, electrons are passed through ETC,
H+ transferred accross membrane, ATP synthase uses PMF to make ATP, used a lot
with respiration and photosynthesis
✔✔regulating metabolism - ✔✔to regulate must physically seperate metabolites and
enzymes, compartmentalizing them
✔✔histidine - ✔✔allosterically inhibits the first enzyme in histidine biosynthesis, this is
feedback inhibition, most building blocks do this.
✔✔allosteric regulation - ✔✔complex
✔✔fueling reactions - ✔✔produce precursors, ATP, Reducing power (NADH), and are
mostly catabolic
✔✔Chemoorganotroph - ✔✔Fuel ways: fermentation, respiration,
✔✔Fermentation - ✔✔Produces the least ATP, simple mechanism, needs NAD+ to run
it, used to make ATP and NADH, HAS NO ETC
