MIC 102 PRACTICE EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔are gram positive bacteria a monophyletic group - ✔✔yes
✔✔Gram negative bacterial envelope includes - ✔✔- Cell membrane
- lipopolysaccharides
- outer membrane
- peptidoglycan
- PG- associated lipoprotein
✔✔Gram positive bacterial envelop includes - ✔✔- cell membrane
- teichoic acids
- peptidoglycan (lots)
✔✔Which two solutes would not cross a phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion?
A. Proton
B. water
C. CO2
D. Ethanol
E. Monosaccharide - ✔✔A and E
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔net movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to
an area of lower water concentration
✔✔Osmotic pressure - ✔✔the pressure that must be applied to the solution side to stop
fluid movement across a semi-permeable membrane
✔✔Turgor pressure - ✔✔pressure inside the cell (pushes on the membrane)
✔✔Hypertonic - ✔✔very concentrated
✔✔isotonic - ✔✔equal
✔✔hypotonic - ✔✔pure H2o
✔✔what type of environment is ideal for cell growth - ✔✔slightly hypotonic bc of turgor
pressure
✔✔murein - ✔✔peptidoglycan
✔✔Cell wall determines - ✔✔shape of cell
✔✔What is the LPS made up of - ✔✔- O-polysaccharides:
, the o antigen repeating subunits distinguish the species and pathogenic tendencies
- Core polysaccharide
- Lipid A: fatty acid chains packed tightly (endotoxin) these release during growth and
death (cause shock)
✔✔What will happen to a gram positive baterium if it was growing in the presence of
penicillin (transpeptidase inhibitor) in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔The cell will lyse
✔✔What will happen to a gram negative baterium if it was growing in the presence of
penicillin (transpeptidase inhibitor) in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔nothing
✔✔What will happen to a gram positive baterium if it was growing in the presence of
penicillin (transpeptidase inhibitor) in a hypertonic solution? - ✔✔the cell will shrink
✔✔What will happen to a gram positive baterium if it was growing in the presence of
lysozyme in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔the cell will lyse
✔✔s-layer - ✔✔a surface protein found in some bacterial and almost all archea
✔✔Slime layer - ✔✔a glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell
wall -> protects against invadors, saturation from solution, and holds cell in place to
form biofilms
✔✔Capsule - ✔✔A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting
the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.
✔✔Archaeal envelopes - ✔✔- inner lipid membrane is compose of isoprenoids (ether
linkages) which allows for tighter packing of membrane and a greater heat resilience
(can sometimes form monolayer membranes)
- a cell wall of s-layer proteins
- pseudomurein
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.
✔✔How does the Flagella move - ✔✔it is anchored in the envelope with rings that root
the filament to the motors. it is powered by a proton motive force, where monomer
proteins have build a hook. These protiens are very antigenic (H antigen)
This rotation provides propulsion
✔✔Pilus - ✔✔hair on the cell that is formed by monomers (mostly on gram negative
species)
✔✔3 functions of pili - ✔✔- fimbriae: attachment
- sex pilus: conjugation
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔are gram positive bacteria a monophyletic group - ✔✔yes
✔✔Gram negative bacterial envelope includes - ✔✔- Cell membrane
- lipopolysaccharides
- outer membrane
- peptidoglycan
- PG- associated lipoprotein
✔✔Gram positive bacterial envelop includes - ✔✔- cell membrane
- teichoic acids
- peptidoglycan (lots)
✔✔Which two solutes would not cross a phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion?
A. Proton
B. water
C. CO2
D. Ethanol
E. Monosaccharide - ✔✔A and E
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔net movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to
an area of lower water concentration
✔✔Osmotic pressure - ✔✔the pressure that must be applied to the solution side to stop
fluid movement across a semi-permeable membrane
✔✔Turgor pressure - ✔✔pressure inside the cell (pushes on the membrane)
✔✔Hypertonic - ✔✔very concentrated
✔✔isotonic - ✔✔equal
✔✔hypotonic - ✔✔pure H2o
✔✔what type of environment is ideal for cell growth - ✔✔slightly hypotonic bc of turgor
pressure
✔✔murein - ✔✔peptidoglycan
✔✔Cell wall determines - ✔✔shape of cell
✔✔What is the LPS made up of - ✔✔- O-polysaccharides:
, the o antigen repeating subunits distinguish the species and pathogenic tendencies
- Core polysaccharide
- Lipid A: fatty acid chains packed tightly (endotoxin) these release during growth and
death (cause shock)
✔✔What will happen to a gram positive baterium if it was growing in the presence of
penicillin (transpeptidase inhibitor) in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔The cell will lyse
✔✔What will happen to a gram negative baterium if it was growing in the presence of
penicillin (transpeptidase inhibitor) in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔nothing
✔✔What will happen to a gram positive baterium if it was growing in the presence of
penicillin (transpeptidase inhibitor) in a hypertonic solution? - ✔✔the cell will shrink
✔✔What will happen to a gram positive baterium if it was growing in the presence of
lysozyme in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔the cell will lyse
✔✔s-layer - ✔✔a surface protein found in some bacterial and almost all archea
✔✔Slime layer - ✔✔a glycocalyx that is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell
wall -> protects against invadors, saturation from solution, and holds cell in place to
form biofilms
✔✔Capsule - ✔✔A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting
the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces.
✔✔Archaeal envelopes - ✔✔- inner lipid membrane is compose of isoprenoids (ether
linkages) which allows for tighter packing of membrane and a greater heat resilience
(can sometimes form monolayer membranes)
- a cell wall of s-layer proteins
- pseudomurein
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.
✔✔How does the Flagella move - ✔✔it is anchored in the envelope with rings that root
the filament to the motors. it is powered by a proton motive force, where monomer
proteins have build a hook. These protiens are very antigenic (H antigen)
This rotation provides propulsion
✔✔Pilus - ✔✔hair on the cell that is formed by monomers (mostly on gram negative
species)
✔✔3 functions of pili - ✔✔- fimbriae: attachment
- sex pilus: conjugation
