Pathophysiology Exam 9 2025 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. What % of Americans are overwight/obese?: 65%
2. what factors are related to obesity?:
- age
- gender
- race
- socioeconomic status
3. adipokines: protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells
4. adipokine examples:
- adiponectin
- leptin
- resistin
5. other signals related to obesity:
, .
- TNF-alpha
- IL-6
- angiotensinogen
6. angiotensinogen (AGT): - increased vascular tone
- precursor to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor
- contributes to HTN and obesity
7. adiponectin: - increases insulin sensitivity
- anti-inflammatory
- decrease arteriosclerosis
- low levels seen in obese patients
8. "good adipokines":
- adiponectin
- leptin
9. "bad adipokines": resistin
10. what is adiponectin inversely related to?: - fat content of body
- high obesity linked to low adiponectin levels
11. what does leptin affect?:
- body weight
- appetite
- energy expenditure
12. what releases leptin and why?: adipocytes in response to fat accumulation
(signal to brain)
, .
13. what causes resistance to leptin and why?: obesity, as leptin levels are
high, but sense of satiety does not develop
14. satiety: feeling of fullness
15. resistin levels in obese individuals: high levels
16. why is resistin a "bad adipokine": it causes insulin resistance in mice
17. inflammatory mediators as aipokines: - TNF-alpha - IL-6
18. TNF-alpha: - increase lipolysis (free fatty acids)
- reduce insulin sensitivity
- in obesity levels are elevated
19 IL-6: - reduce insulin sensitivity
- increase lipolysis (free fatty acids)
- promotes low grade inflammation
20. what levels are changed due to excessive adipocytes?:
- increased free fatty acids
- increased TNF-alpha and IL-6
- increased angiotensinogen and plasminogen activation inhibitor
- increased resistin
- decreased adiponectin
- increased leptin resistance
21. role of hypothalamus in hunger and appetite:
- regulates hunger and satiety
- visual, olfactory, and emotion triggers for appetite
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. What % of Americans are overwight/obese?: 65%
2. what factors are related to obesity?:
- age
- gender
- race
- socioeconomic status
3. adipokines: protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells
4. adipokine examples:
- adiponectin
- leptin
- resistin
5. other signals related to obesity:
, .
- TNF-alpha
- IL-6
- angiotensinogen
6. angiotensinogen (AGT): - increased vascular tone
- precursor to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor
- contributes to HTN and obesity
7. adiponectin: - increases insulin sensitivity
- anti-inflammatory
- decrease arteriosclerosis
- low levels seen in obese patients
8. "good adipokines":
- adiponectin
- leptin
9. "bad adipokines": resistin
10. what is adiponectin inversely related to?: - fat content of body
- high obesity linked to low adiponectin levels
11. what does leptin affect?:
- body weight
- appetite
- energy expenditure
12. what releases leptin and why?: adipocytes in response to fat accumulation
(signal to brain)
, .
13. what causes resistance to leptin and why?: obesity, as leptin levels are
high, but sense of satiety does not develop
14. satiety: feeling of fullness
15. resistin levels in obese individuals: high levels
16. why is resistin a "bad adipokine": it causes insulin resistance in mice
17. inflammatory mediators as aipokines: - TNF-alpha - IL-6
18. TNF-alpha: - increase lipolysis (free fatty acids)
- reduce insulin sensitivity
- in obesity levels are elevated
19 IL-6: - reduce insulin sensitivity
- increase lipolysis (free fatty acids)
- promotes low grade inflammation
20. what levels are changed due to excessive adipocytes?:
- increased free fatty acids
- increased TNF-alpha and IL-6
- increased angiotensinogen and plasminogen activation inhibitor
- increased resistin
- decreased adiponectin
- increased leptin resistance
21. role of hypothalamus in hunger and appetite:
- regulates hunger and satiety
- visual, olfactory, and emotion triggers for appetite
