Examl 3:l NSGl 300/l NSG300l (NEWl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Foundationsl ofl Nursingl
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
regulations
Answer:
FEDERALl REGULATION
-FDAl requirel medsl tol undergol vigorousl testingl beforel theyl reachl thel market
-controll drugl distributionl andl sales,l labeling,l naming,l testing
STATEl ANDl LOCAL
-havel additionall lawsl includingl controll ofl substancesl notl regulatedl byl fedl government
-regulatel usel ofl tobaccol andl alc
HEALTHl CAREl AGENCIES
-setl indivl policiesl thatl conforml withl federal,l state,l andl local
-policiesl arel determinedl byl thel size,l profl personnell itl employs,l andl thel servicesl itl
provides`
NURSEl PRACTICEl ACTS
-definesl thel nursesl scopel ofl practicel ofl functionsl andl responsibilities
-protectsl thel publicl froml unskilled,l undereducated,l andl unlicensedl personnel
QUESTION
pharmalogicall concepts
Answer:
MEDICATIONl NAMES
1.l chemicall name:l describesl thel molecularl composition
2.l genericl name:l nonl proprietary,l determinedl byl thel manufacturer
3.l trade/brandl name:l namel givenl whenl thel manufacturerl marketsl thel product.l easyl tol
sayl andl spell
CLASSIFICATIONS
-indicatel thel effectl thel drugl hasl onl thel body,l desiredl effects,l orl symptomsl thel drugl
relieves
-somel drugsl canl bel inl multiplel classesl andl eachl classl mayl havel multiplel diffl drugsl inl
itl thatl treatl thel samel probleml
FORMS
,-determinel thel route
-canl increasel metabolisml andl absorption
-suppositories,l tablets,l capsules,l elixer
QUESTION
pharmacokinetics
Answer:
pharmacokineticsl guidesl whenl tol adminl drug,l thel response,l andl route
ABSORPTION
occursl whenl drugl passesl intol bloodstream
-skin:l slowl bcl makeupl ofl skin
-oral:l slowl bcl itl goesl throughl thel GI
-mml andl respl airway:l quickl bcl therel arel manyl bloodl vessels
-IMl andl subl QUESTION
quick,l IMl isl faster
-IV:l mostl rapidl bcl entersl directl circ
-absorbl liquidsl andl suspensionsl quickerl thanl tabs
-acidicl medsl absorbedl quicker,l basicl arel notl untill SI
-absorbedl quickerl atl sitesl withl morel bloodl flowl andl largerl surfacel area
-medsl adminl togetherl canl interferel withl onel another
DISTRIBUTION
-affectedl byl bloodl flow
-arel carriedl tol tissuesl andl organsl andl mustl passl throughl thosel membranesl andl barriersl
tol reachl cells
-affectedl byl drugsl abilityl tol bindl tol protein.l somel drugsl partiallyl bindl whichl decreasesl
theirl effects,l freel drugsl arel active
-inl olderl adultsl withl malnutritionl orl liverl disease:l havel lessl proteinsl andl increasel riskl
forl toxicity
QUESTION
pharmacokineticsl continued
Answer:
METABOLISM
-drugl reachesl sitel intol al lessl activel orl inactivel forml thatl isl readyl tol bel excretedl outl
-biotransformation:l enzymesl detoxify,l breakdown,l removel activel chemicals
>occursl mainlyl inl liver,l alsol kidney/lung/blood/intestines
>liverl breaksl downl harmfull chemsl beforel theyl reachl thel tissues
>ifl liverl fail:l slowerl breakdownl ->accum
EXCRETION
,-exitl throughl kidney,l lung,l liver,l bowels,l exocrinel glands,
-medsl exitl mainlyl throughl kidneys
>wel needl tol maintainl adequatel nutritionl tol promotel excretionl (50l mL/kg/h)
>renall dysfunction->toxicity
QUESTION
medicationl action
Answer:
THERAPUETICl AFFECT
-expectedl physiologicall effectl producedl byl thel meds
ADVERSEl EVENTS
unpredictablel andl undesiredl reactionl tol al med,l canl rangel froml mildl tol severe
>peoplel mostl atl risk:l veryl youngl andl olderl adults,l pregnant,l peoplel onl multl meds,l
liverl orl kidneyl disease,l peoplel extremelyl under/overweight
-sidel effects:l predictablel andl unpreventablel effectl froml medl atl therapueticl dose
>anorexia,l n/v,l diarhhea,l constipation,l drowsy
-toxicl effect:l happensl froml prolongedl takingl ofl al pilll orl impairmentl ofl metabolisml orl
excretion,l canl bel fatal
-idiosyncratic:l unpredictable.l personl overl orl underl reactsl tol al med,l orl hasl al responsel
thatl isl notl normal
-allergicl reaction:l unpredictable.l medl hasl antigenl whichl causesl al releasel ofl antibodies.l
antibioticsl havel al highl incidencel ofl allergicl reaction.l requiresl immediatel attention.l
>anaphylaxis:l bronchoconstriction,l edemal inl larynxl andl pharynx,l wheezing,l sob
QUESTION
medicationl interactions
Answer:
-whenl onel medl modifiesl thel actionl ofl another
-occursl whenl multiplel medsl arel beingl takenl together
-somel medsl increasel orl decreasel thel effectsl ofl othersl orl affectl howl itl isl absorbed,l
metabolized,l orl eliminated
QUESTION
medicationl ranges
Answer:
-minl effectivel concen:l levell ofl medicationl belowl thel effectl ofl thel medl doesl notl occurl
-toxicl concen:l levell ofl drugl thatl becomesl toxic
-therapeuticl range:l inl betweenl those
, **peak:l highestl concen
**trough:l lowest
QUESTION
routesl ofl admin
Answer:
TOPICAL
-ontol skinl andl mm,l andl typicallyl hasl locall affects
-skin:l spreadl acrossl area,l soakl bodyl partl inl solution,l applyl moistl dressing,l medicatedl
bath
-systemicl effects:l prolongedl contactl withl skin,l skinl isl thinl orl broken,l concenl isl high
-patchesl orl discs:l systemicl effects
>disc:l securesl thel ointmentl ontol skin,l onl forl 12l hrsl tol 7l days
-mucousl membrane:l appliedl directly,l insertedl intol cavity,l instilled,l irrigatesl cavity,l
sprayedl intol cavity
INHALATION
-deeperl areasl ofl thel respiratoryl system:l morel SA
-orallyl orl nasal,l endotracheall orl tracheostomyl tube
-absorbedl quickl bcl ofl richl vascularl capillaryl networkl inl pulmonaryl tissue
INTRAOCULAR
-insertingl al medicationl similarl tol al contactl lensl intol thel eye
QUESTION
routesl ptl 2
Answer:
ORALl ROUTES
easiestl swallowl wl fluid,l slowerl onsetl ofl action,l longerl duration
-sublingual:l dissolvel underl tongue,l dontl eatl orl drinkl untill fullyl dissolved
-buccal:l solidl medl againstl cheek.l alternatel cheeksl wl dosesl tol avoidl irritation.l actsl
locallyl onl mucosal orl systemicallyl asl itl isl swallowedl wl saliva
PARENTERAL
issuedl vial injectionl (IV,l IM,l ID,l SQ)
1.l epidural:l catheterl intol thel epidurall space,l regionall analgesicl forl surgery.l donel byl
anestheticl orl anesthesiologist
2.l intrathecal:l catheterl intol ventriclesl orl subarachnoidl space,l longl terml treatment
3.l intraosseous:l infusionl intol bonel marrow.l forl infantsl andl childrenl withl poorl accessl tol
intravascularl spacel orl duringl emergencyl whenl IVl isl impossible
4.l intraperitoneal:l adminl intol peritoneall cavityl andl absorbedl intol circulation.l insulin,l
antibiotics,l chemotherapeuticl agents
>linel thel walll ofl thel abdominall andl pelvicl cavities
2026l Update)l Foundationsl ofl Nursingl
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l GCU
QUESTION
regulations
Answer:
FEDERALl REGULATION
-FDAl requirel medsl tol undergol vigorousl testingl beforel theyl reachl thel market
-controll drugl distributionl andl sales,l labeling,l naming,l testing
STATEl ANDl LOCAL
-havel additionall lawsl includingl controll ofl substancesl notl regulatedl byl fedl government
-regulatel usel ofl tobaccol andl alc
HEALTHl CAREl AGENCIES
-setl indivl policiesl thatl conforml withl federal,l state,l andl local
-policiesl arel determinedl byl thel size,l profl personnell itl employs,l andl thel servicesl itl
provides`
NURSEl PRACTICEl ACTS
-definesl thel nursesl scopel ofl practicel ofl functionsl andl responsibilities
-protectsl thel publicl froml unskilled,l undereducated,l andl unlicensedl personnel
QUESTION
pharmalogicall concepts
Answer:
MEDICATIONl NAMES
1.l chemicall name:l describesl thel molecularl composition
2.l genericl name:l nonl proprietary,l determinedl byl thel manufacturer
3.l trade/brandl name:l namel givenl whenl thel manufacturerl marketsl thel product.l easyl tol
sayl andl spell
CLASSIFICATIONS
-indicatel thel effectl thel drugl hasl onl thel body,l desiredl effects,l orl symptomsl thel drugl
relieves
-somel drugsl canl bel inl multiplel classesl andl eachl classl mayl havel multiplel diffl drugsl inl
itl thatl treatl thel samel probleml
FORMS
,-determinel thel route
-canl increasel metabolisml andl absorption
-suppositories,l tablets,l capsules,l elixer
QUESTION
pharmacokinetics
Answer:
pharmacokineticsl guidesl whenl tol adminl drug,l thel response,l andl route
ABSORPTION
occursl whenl drugl passesl intol bloodstream
-skin:l slowl bcl makeupl ofl skin
-oral:l slowl bcl itl goesl throughl thel GI
-mml andl respl airway:l quickl bcl therel arel manyl bloodl vessels
-IMl andl subl QUESTION
quick,l IMl isl faster
-IV:l mostl rapidl bcl entersl directl circ
-absorbl liquidsl andl suspensionsl quickerl thanl tabs
-acidicl medsl absorbedl quicker,l basicl arel notl untill SI
-absorbedl quickerl atl sitesl withl morel bloodl flowl andl largerl surfacel area
-medsl adminl togetherl canl interferel withl onel another
DISTRIBUTION
-affectedl byl bloodl flow
-arel carriedl tol tissuesl andl organsl andl mustl passl throughl thosel membranesl andl barriersl
tol reachl cells
-affectedl byl drugsl abilityl tol bindl tol protein.l somel drugsl partiallyl bindl whichl decreasesl
theirl effects,l freel drugsl arel active
-inl olderl adultsl withl malnutritionl orl liverl disease:l havel lessl proteinsl andl increasel riskl
forl toxicity
QUESTION
pharmacokineticsl continued
Answer:
METABOLISM
-drugl reachesl sitel intol al lessl activel orl inactivel forml thatl isl readyl tol bel excretedl outl
-biotransformation:l enzymesl detoxify,l breakdown,l removel activel chemicals
>occursl mainlyl inl liver,l alsol kidney/lung/blood/intestines
>liverl breaksl downl harmfull chemsl beforel theyl reachl thel tissues
>ifl liverl fail:l slowerl breakdownl ->accum
EXCRETION
,-exitl throughl kidney,l lung,l liver,l bowels,l exocrinel glands,
-medsl exitl mainlyl throughl kidneys
>wel needl tol maintainl adequatel nutritionl tol promotel excretionl (50l mL/kg/h)
>renall dysfunction->toxicity
QUESTION
medicationl action
Answer:
THERAPUETICl AFFECT
-expectedl physiologicall effectl producedl byl thel meds
ADVERSEl EVENTS
unpredictablel andl undesiredl reactionl tol al med,l canl rangel froml mildl tol severe
>peoplel mostl atl risk:l veryl youngl andl olderl adults,l pregnant,l peoplel onl multl meds,l
liverl orl kidneyl disease,l peoplel extremelyl under/overweight
-sidel effects:l predictablel andl unpreventablel effectl froml medl atl therapueticl dose
>anorexia,l n/v,l diarhhea,l constipation,l drowsy
-toxicl effect:l happensl froml prolongedl takingl ofl al pilll orl impairmentl ofl metabolisml orl
excretion,l canl bel fatal
-idiosyncratic:l unpredictable.l personl overl orl underl reactsl tol al med,l orl hasl al responsel
thatl isl notl normal
-allergicl reaction:l unpredictable.l medl hasl antigenl whichl causesl al releasel ofl antibodies.l
antibioticsl havel al highl incidencel ofl allergicl reaction.l requiresl immediatel attention.l
>anaphylaxis:l bronchoconstriction,l edemal inl larynxl andl pharynx,l wheezing,l sob
QUESTION
medicationl interactions
Answer:
-whenl onel medl modifiesl thel actionl ofl another
-occursl whenl multiplel medsl arel beingl takenl together
-somel medsl increasel orl decreasel thel effectsl ofl othersl orl affectl howl itl isl absorbed,l
metabolized,l orl eliminated
QUESTION
medicationl ranges
Answer:
-minl effectivel concen:l levell ofl medicationl belowl thel effectl ofl thel medl doesl notl occurl
-toxicl concen:l levell ofl drugl thatl becomesl toxic
-therapeuticl range:l inl betweenl those
, **peak:l highestl concen
**trough:l lowest
QUESTION
routesl ofl admin
Answer:
TOPICAL
-ontol skinl andl mm,l andl typicallyl hasl locall affects
-skin:l spreadl acrossl area,l soakl bodyl partl inl solution,l applyl moistl dressing,l medicatedl
bath
-systemicl effects:l prolongedl contactl withl skin,l skinl isl thinl orl broken,l concenl isl high
-patchesl orl discs:l systemicl effects
>disc:l securesl thel ointmentl ontol skin,l onl forl 12l hrsl tol 7l days
-mucousl membrane:l appliedl directly,l insertedl intol cavity,l instilled,l irrigatesl cavity,l
sprayedl intol cavity
INHALATION
-deeperl areasl ofl thel respiratoryl system:l morel SA
-orallyl orl nasal,l endotracheall orl tracheostomyl tube
-absorbedl quickl bcl ofl richl vascularl capillaryl networkl inl pulmonaryl tissue
INTRAOCULAR
-insertingl al medicationl similarl tol al contactl lensl intol thel eye
QUESTION
routesl ptl 2
Answer:
ORALl ROUTES
easiestl swallowl wl fluid,l slowerl onsetl ofl action,l longerl duration
-sublingual:l dissolvel underl tongue,l dontl eatl orl drinkl untill fullyl dissolved
-buccal:l solidl medl againstl cheek.l alternatel cheeksl wl dosesl tol avoidl irritation.l actsl
locallyl onl mucosal orl systemicallyl asl itl isl swallowedl wl saliva
PARENTERAL
issuedl vial injectionl (IV,l IM,l ID,l SQ)
1.l epidural:l catheterl intol thel epidurall space,l regionall analgesicl forl surgery.l donel byl
anestheticl orl anesthesiologist
2.l intrathecal:l catheterl intol ventriclesl orl subarachnoidl space,l longl terml treatment
3.l intraosseous:l infusionl intol bonel marrow.l forl infantsl andl childrenl withl poorl accessl tol
intravascularl spacel orl duringl emergencyl whenl IVl isl impossible
4.l intraperitoneal:l adminl intol peritoneall cavityl andl absorbedl intol circulation.l insulin,l
antibiotics,l chemotherapeuticl agents
>linel thel walll ofl thel abdominall andl pelvicl cavities
