NR 293 DETAILED EXAM 1 2025

Drug - -Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism Pharmacology - -The study or science of drugs Chemical Name - -Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecular structure (not usually used in nursing) Generic Name - -Name given by the United States Adopted Names council. The universal name, like ibuprofen or acetaminophen Trade Name - -AKA proprietary name. The drug has a registered trademark, use of the name is restricted by the drug's patent owner. Ex is Motrin and Advil, they are both ibuprofen Pharmaceutics - -The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body. Oral, rectal, transdermal, etc. Pharmacodynamics - -The study of what the drug does to the body. The mechanism of drug actions in living tissues and drug-receptor relationships Pharmacotherapeutics - -The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat disease. Defines principles of drug actions- the cellular processes that change in response to the presence of drug molecules. Drugs are organized into pharmacologic classes, like antihypertensives. Ex: elderly taking baby aspirin to prevent strokes Pharmacognosy - -The study of natural drug sources, like plants, animals and minerals. Pharmaceutic Properties - -Different drug dosage forms have different properties. Dosage form determines the rate of drug dissolution. Enteric-coated tablets protect patients from stomach irritation. Fastest Route of Oral Drug Absorption - -1. Oral disintegration, buccal tabs, and oral soluble wafers 2. Liquids, elixirs, and syrups 3. Suspension solutions 4. Powders 5. Capsules 6. Tablets 7. Coated tablets NR293 NR293 8. Enteric-coated tabletes Pharmacokinetics - -The study of what the body does to the drug. A drug's time to onset of action, time to peak effect, and duration of action. -Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion Pharmacokinetics: Absorption - -Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues. Bioavailability - -A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route. Giving a med through the IV, you will have 100% of the med in the bloodstream, none is lost. First-Pass Effect - -The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation. If you give a PO med, the GI system digests, liver transforms, and then it reaches the bloodstream. Not 100% of the med reaches the bloodstream, you lose some as it travels. Enteral Route of Drug Administration - -The drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the oral or gastric mucosa or the small intestine. Types of enteral are oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectal. Parenteral Route of Drug Administration - -Though an IV, IM, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraarterial, intrathecal, and intraarticular Topical Route of Drug Administration - -Skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, rectum, vagina Pharmacokinetics: Distribution - -The transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action. Protein-binding, water-soluble vs fat-soluble, blood-brain barrier. Protein-Binding Drugs - -After you take the medication, it is in the blood attached to protein, mainly albumin. When the drug binds to albumin, it works as a slow release, only the free unbound drug is therapeutic. The bound drug is essentially inactive. Type of drugs that are protein-binding are blood thinners. If a patient is deficient in albumin, there is a problem of too much free-drug. Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism/Biotransformation - -The biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite. Transformed mainly in the liver, but also skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, plasma, intestinal mucosa. Factors the Decrease Metabolism - -Cardiovascular dysfunction, renal insufficiency, starvation, obstructive jaundice, slow acetylator, and ketoconazole therapy Factors the Increase Metabolism - -Fast acetylator, barbiturate therapy, rifampin therapy, and phenytoin therapy NR293 NR293 Pharmacokinetics: Excretion - -The elimination of drugs from the body by the kidneys (main organ), liver, bowel Drug Half-Life - -The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body. A measure of the rate at which a drug is removed from the body. Most drugs are considered to be effectively removed after about 5 half-lives. Steady State - -If you give medications around the clock, eventually the meds you give are equal to the meds removed in half-life Drug Actions - -The cellular processes involved in the drug and cell interaction Drug Effect - -The physiologic reaction of the body to the drug. Includes onset, peak, and duration of action. Onset - -The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response Peak - -The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response Duration - -The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response Peak Level Drug Monitoring - -The highest blood level Trough Level Drug Monitoring - -The lowest blood level. Used to make sure kidneys are working before giving the next dose of meds. Receptor Interactions - -A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. They bind specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular effects occurs. Enzyme Interactions - -A medication that blocks an enzyme, like antihistamines block histamine enzymes Agonist - -Drug binds to a receptor, there is a response Antagonist - -Drug binds to a receptor, there is no response. The drugs prevents the binding of agonists. Competitive Antagonist - -Drug competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor. If it binds, there is no response Noncompetitive Antagonist - -Drug combines with different parts of a receptor and inactivates it, agonist then has no effect Acute Therapy - -Requires more intensive treatment; used for critical/very sick patients. Ex: giving nitroglycerin for heart attack NR293 NR293 Maintenance Therapy - -Given to maintain a healthy state with a chronic disease. Ex: antihypertensive meds Supplemental Therapy - -Supplies the body with something to maintain normal function that the body lacks or cannot produce itself (ex: Insulin) Palliative Therapy - -Therapy used to relieve symptoms, not cure a disease. Usually with chronic, non-curable diseases. Ex: morphine for hospice patient Supportive Therapy - -Maintains the integrity of the body functions while the patient is recovering from illness or trauma. Ex: provision of fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration in a patient with influenza who is vomiting and has diarrhea Prophylactic Therapy - -Therapy given prior to infectious signs to prevent the possibility of infection. It is preventative therapy Empiric Therapy - -The administration of antibiotics based on the practitioner's judgment of the pathogens most likely to be causing an apparent infection; it involves the presumptive treatment of an infection to avoid treatment delay before specific culture information has been obtained. Contraindications - -Any characteristic of a patient, especially a disease state, that makes the use of a given medication dangerous for the patient. It is important to assess for contraindications. Ex: pregnancy, allergies, organ failure, etc Monitoring - -Evaluating the clinical response of the patient to the treatment. One must be familiar with a drugs intended therapeutic action, and unintended but potentially adverse effects. Therapeutic Index - -The ratio between initial dose and legal dose. If a drug has a low index, it is a critical drug. Drug Concentration - -The level of drug in the blood. Especially for seizures, you need to maintain drug concentration levels. Additive Effect - -Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drug given alone. 1+1=2 Synergistic Effect - -Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is greater that the sum of the individual effects the same drugs given alone. 1+1= 2 NR293 NR293 Antagonistic Effect - -Drug interaction in which the effect of a combination of 2 or more drugs with similar actions is less than the sum of individual effects of the same drug given alone. 1+1=2 Adverse Drug Reactions - -Pharmacologic reactions, including adverse effects. Idiosyncratic Reaction - -An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, not an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient Four Main Sources For Drugs - -Plants, animals, minerals, and laboratory synthesis Toxicology - -The study of poisons and unwanted resp