PHAR 100 Exam – Real Exam Questions and Correct Answers (Verified) University of
California, San Francisco (UCSF) A+ Grade
Who |discovered |morphine? |- |answersSerturner
From |what |drug |was |ephedrine |isolated? |- |answersMa |Huang
What |does |ephedrine |treat? |- |answersasthma
What |are |the |two |uses |of |curare? |- |answers1. |Poison: |used |on |arrow |tips |to |cause |muscle |paralysis |
and |death |by |respiratory |paralysis
2. |Drug: |anesthetics |during |surgery |to |relax |muscles
What |is |Ergot? |- |answersa |poisonous |fungus |that |grows |on |the |heads |of |rye, |especially |during |wet |
seasons
What |is |the |potent |substance |of |peyote? |- |answersmescaline
What |are |the |effects |of |peyote? |- |answershallucinations, |a |feeling |of |well-being, |and |distortion |of |
perception |similar |to |that |of |LSD
Is |zinc |oxide |found |in |many |topical |creams |today? |- |answersyes
What |is |a |drug? |- |answersany |substance |received |by |a |biological |system |that |is |not |received |for |
nutritive |purposes |and |which |influences |the |biological |function |of |the |organism
What |are |the |two |major |categories |of |drugs |discovered |throughout |history? |- |answers1. |drugs |that |
act |on |the |brain
2. |drugs |that |act |against |infectious |disease
Drugs |that |act |on |the |brain |alter |_____. |- |answersthe |normal |chemical |signalling |in |the |brain
What |is |an |example |of |a |drug |that |acts |on |the |brain? |- |answersLSD
Who |synthesized |LSD? |When? |- |answersAlbert |Hoffman |in |1943
LSD |is |similar |in |chemical |structure |to |___ |and |____. |- |answersergotamine |and |ergonovine
What |is |an |infectious |disease? |- |answersany |disease |caused |by |an |organism, |such |as |bacteria, |viruses,
|fungi, |or |parasites
What |is |an |organoarsenical |and |what |does |it |cure? |- |answers- |a |complex |or |arsenic |and |organic |
molecules |that |selectively |bind |to |parasites
- |cures |syphillis
Who |and |when |developed |Organoarsenicals? |- |answersPaul |Ehrlich |in |the |1900s
,Who |and |when |developed |Sulla |drugs? |- |answersGerard |Domagk |in |the |1930s
Who |and |when |discovered |Penicillin? |- |answersAlexander |Fleming |in |the |1940s
Who |and |when |discovered |streptomycin? |- |answersSeaman |Waksman |in |the |1950s
What |are |the |five |key |steps |of |drug |development? |- |answers1. |basic |research |and |drug |discovery
2. |preclinical |trials
3. |clinical |trials
4. |health |Canada |review |and |manufacturing
5. |post-market |surveillance |and |phase |4 |clinical |trials
What |are |the |two |steps |of |basic |drug |research? |- |answers1. |identification |of |the |target
2. |studying |the |target
What |is |a |lead |compound? |- |answersa |compound |that |shows |promise |in |the |initial |studies |and |will |
enter |more |detailed |studies
What |are |the |two |categories |of |preclinical |studies? |- |answers- |pharmacology: |determines |the |detailed
|mechanism |of |action |of |the |new |drug |
- |toxicology: |determines |the |potential |risks |of |the |drug
What |are |the |initial |steps |of |clinical |trials? |- |answers1. |proof |of |safety
2. |methodology
3. |investigation
Target |Population |- |answersthe |group |of |patients |for |whom |the |drug |is |intended
Study |Population |- |answersa |subset |of |the |target |population |that |meets |all |required |criteria
Inclusion/Exclusion |Criteria |- |answersdefines |characteristics |of |the |patients |to |be |included |in |the |
study, |determining |who |is |and |who |is |not |eligible |for |the |trial
Consent |- |answersa |document |written |in |non-scientific |language |that |outlines |the |purpose |of |the |
study, |etc |must |be |obtained |before |a |person |can |participate
Double |Blind |Design |- |answerswhere |neither |the |investigator |nor |the |study |subject |is |aware |of |the |
treatment |the |study |subject |is |assigned |to
Randomization |- |answerspatients |are |assigned |to |the |experimental |treatment |group |or |a |control |
group, |usually |by |computer |generation
What |are |the |two |types |of |control? |- |answers- |placebo
- |gold |standard
,Placebo |- |answersdoes |not |contain |any |active |drug, |but |is |identical |in |appearance, |colour, |taste, |and |
administration |method |to |the |active |drug
Gold |Standard |- |answersthe |drug |that |is |accepted |by |the |medical |community |as |the |best |available |
treatment |for |the |specific |disease |at |the |time
Bioequivalence |- |answerswhere |the |original |brand |name |drug |and |any |generic |versions |of |the |original
|drug |all |contain |the |identical |active |ingredient, |in |the |same |amount, |and |usually |in |the |same |dosage |
form
What |are |the |four |factors |necessary |when |considering |a |drug's |action? |- |answers1. |drug |targets
2. |drug |response
3. |efficacy |and |potency
4. |therapeutic |range
Receptor |- |answersa |molecule |or |a |complex |of |molecules |located |on |the |outside |or |inside |of |a |cell |
that |has |a |regulatory |or |functional |role |in |the |organism
Receptors |are |normally |bound |to |what? |Give |examples. |- |answers- |bound |to |and |activated |by |
endogenous |ligands
- |EX: |hormones |and |neurotransmitters
The |locations |of |receptors |determines_____. |- |answerswhere |a |drug |will |act |and |whether |the |
response |that |results |from |the |drug-receptor |interaction |is |beneficial |or |detrimental
Activation |of |opioid |receptors |in |the |brain |causes |____. |- |answersrelief
Activation |of |opioid |receptors |in |the |GI |tract |causes |______. |- |answersconstipation |(an |adverse |effect)
What |are |two |other |drug |targets? |- |answers- |chemical |reactions |(EX: |antacids |to |neutralize |stomach |
acid)
- |physical |chemical |forces |(EX: |chloestyramine |binds |bile |acids |to |prevent |production |of |cholesterol)
Agonist |- |answersdrugs |that |bind |to |and |stimulate |a |receptor
Antagonist |- |answersdrugs |that |bind |to |but |block |the |response |at |a |receptor
True |or |false? |drugs |can |modify |the |interaction |between |the |endogenous |ligands |and |their |receptors.
|- |answerstrue
Dose-response |relationship |- |answersThe |intensity |of |the |pharmacological |effects |produced |by |a |drug |
increases |in |proportion |to |the
dose
What |are |the |topical |routes |of |administration? |- |answersOn |the |skin, |through |the |skin |(transdermal), |
inhalation
, What |does |enteral |route |of |administration |refer |to? |- |answersAdministration |via |the |GI |tract, |either |
through |the |mouth |or |an |artificial |opening
What |is |the |first |pass |effect? |- |answersWhen |the |drug |is |first |delivered |to |the |liver, |which |contains |
enzymes |that |can |decrease |the |amount |of |active |drug |left |to |enter |the |general |circulation
What |is |parental |route |of |administration? |- |answersWhen |it |bypasses |the |GI |tract |by |being |injected |
into |the |body |and |enter |the |bloodstream |directly
What |are |three |parental |routes? |- |answersIntravenous, |intramuscular, |subcutaneous
Bioavailability |- |answersThe |fraction |of |an |administered |dose |that |reaches |the |systemic |circulation |in |
an |active |form
What |are |the |3 |methods |of |absorption? |- |answers1. |Diffusion |through |aqueous |pores
2. |Diffusion |through |lipids
3. |Active |transport
P450 |- |answersenzymes |capable |of |biotransforming |drugs
Phase |1 |of |biotransformation |reactions |- |answersTo |add |or |unmask |a |functional |group |on |the |drug |to
|prepare |it |for |the |addition |of |a |large |water-soluble |molecule |in |phase |2
Phase |2 |of |biotransformation |reactions |- |answersAdd |a |large |water-soluble |moiety |(glucaronic |acid |or
|sulfate) |to |the |phase |1 |product, |making |it |water-soluble |for |excretion |by |the |kidney
Where |are |the |majority |of |drugs |eliminated? |- |answersKidney
Adverse |drug |reaction |- |answersAny |effect |produced |by |a |drug |in |a |patient |that |is |not |the |intended |
effect
True |or |false? |A |drug |cannot |cause |effects |that |are |unrelated |to |the |intended |pharmacological |action |
of |the |drug. |- |answersFalse
What |mediates |an |allergic |reaction? |- |answersImmune |system
Teratogenesis |- |answersWhen |a |drug |produces |defects |in |a |developing |fetus
What |are |4 |factors |in |predicting |adverse |drug |reactions? |- |answers- |rarity |of |occurrence
- |length |of |usage
- |detectability |in |animals
- |time |period |specificity
What |is |the |therapeutic |index? |- |answersTells |you |how |safe |the |drug |is |by |relating |the |dose |of |the |
drug |required |to |produce |a |beneficial |effect |to |the |dose |required |to |produce |an |adverse |effect
True |or |false? |The |higher |the |therapeutic |index, |the |safer |the |drug. |- |answersTrue
TD50 |- |answersDose |of |the |drug |that |is |toxic |in |50% |of |the |population
California, San Francisco (UCSF) A+ Grade
Who |discovered |morphine? |- |answersSerturner
From |what |drug |was |ephedrine |isolated? |- |answersMa |Huang
What |does |ephedrine |treat? |- |answersasthma
What |are |the |two |uses |of |curare? |- |answers1. |Poison: |used |on |arrow |tips |to |cause |muscle |paralysis |
and |death |by |respiratory |paralysis
2. |Drug: |anesthetics |during |surgery |to |relax |muscles
What |is |Ergot? |- |answersa |poisonous |fungus |that |grows |on |the |heads |of |rye, |especially |during |wet |
seasons
What |is |the |potent |substance |of |peyote? |- |answersmescaline
What |are |the |effects |of |peyote? |- |answershallucinations, |a |feeling |of |well-being, |and |distortion |of |
perception |similar |to |that |of |LSD
Is |zinc |oxide |found |in |many |topical |creams |today? |- |answersyes
What |is |a |drug? |- |answersany |substance |received |by |a |biological |system |that |is |not |received |for |
nutritive |purposes |and |which |influences |the |biological |function |of |the |organism
What |are |the |two |major |categories |of |drugs |discovered |throughout |history? |- |answers1. |drugs |that |
act |on |the |brain
2. |drugs |that |act |against |infectious |disease
Drugs |that |act |on |the |brain |alter |_____. |- |answersthe |normal |chemical |signalling |in |the |brain
What |is |an |example |of |a |drug |that |acts |on |the |brain? |- |answersLSD
Who |synthesized |LSD? |When? |- |answersAlbert |Hoffman |in |1943
LSD |is |similar |in |chemical |structure |to |___ |and |____. |- |answersergotamine |and |ergonovine
What |is |an |infectious |disease? |- |answersany |disease |caused |by |an |organism, |such |as |bacteria, |viruses,
|fungi, |or |parasites
What |is |an |organoarsenical |and |what |does |it |cure? |- |answers- |a |complex |or |arsenic |and |organic |
molecules |that |selectively |bind |to |parasites
- |cures |syphillis
Who |and |when |developed |Organoarsenicals? |- |answersPaul |Ehrlich |in |the |1900s
,Who |and |when |developed |Sulla |drugs? |- |answersGerard |Domagk |in |the |1930s
Who |and |when |discovered |Penicillin? |- |answersAlexander |Fleming |in |the |1940s
Who |and |when |discovered |streptomycin? |- |answersSeaman |Waksman |in |the |1950s
What |are |the |five |key |steps |of |drug |development? |- |answers1. |basic |research |and |drug |discovery
2. |preclinical |trials
3. |clinical |trials
4. |health |Canada |review |and |manufacturing
5. |post-market |surveillance |and |phase |4 |clinical |trials
What |are |the |two |steps |of |basic |drug |research? |- |answers1. |identification |of |the |target
2. |studying |the |target
What |is |a |lead |compound? |- |answersa |compound |that |shows |promise |in |the |initial |studies |and |will |
enter |more |detailed |studies
What |are |the |two |categories |of |preclinical |studies? |- |answers- |pharmacology: |determines |the |detailed
|mechanism |of |action |of |the |new |drug |
- |toxicology: |determines |the |potential |risks |of |the |drug
What |are |the |initial |steps |of |clinical |trials? |- |answers1. |proof |of |safety
2. |methodology
3. |investigation
Target |Population |- |answersthe |group |of |patients |for |whom |the |drug |is |intended
Study |Population |- |answersa |subset |of |the |target |population |that |meets |all |required |criteria
Inclusion/Exclusion |Criteria |- |answersdefines |characteristics |of |the |patients |to |be |included |in |the |
study, |determining |who |is |and |who |is |not |eligible |for |the |trial
Consent |- |answersa |document |written |in |non-scientific |language |that |outlines |the |purpose |of |the |
study, |etc |must |be |obtained |before |a |person |can |participate
Double |Blind |Design |- |answerswhere |neither |the |investigator |nor |the |study |subject |is |aware |of |the |
treatment |the |study |subject |is |assigned |to
Randomization |- |answerspatients |are |assigned |to |the |experimental |treatment |group |or |a |control |
group, |usually |by |computer |generation
What |are |the |two |types |of |control? |- |answers- |placebo
- |gold |standard
,Placebo |- |answersdoes |not |contain |any |active |drug, |but |is |identical |in |appearance, |colour, |taste, |and |
administration |method |to |the |active |drug
Gold |Standard |- |answersthe |drug |that |is |accepted |by |the |medical |community |as |the |best |available |
treatment |for |the |specific |disease |at |the |time
Bioequivalence |- |answerswhere |the |original |brand |name |drug |and |any |generic |versions |of |the |original
|drug |all |contain |the |identical |active |ingredient, |in |the |same |amount, |and |usually |in |the |same |dosage |
form
What |are |the |four |factors |necessary |when |considering |a |drug's |action? |- |answers1. |drug |targets
2. |drug |response
3. |efficacy |and |potency
4. |therapeutic |range
Receptor |- |answersa |molecule |or |a |complex |of |molecules |located |on |the |outside |or |inside |of |a |cell |
that |has |a |regulatory |or |functional |role |in |the |organism
Receptors |are |normally |bound |to |what? |Give |examples. |- |answers- |bound |to |and |activated |by |
endogenous |ligands
- |EX: |hormones |and |neurotransmitters
The |locations |of |receptors |determines_____. |- |answerswhere |a |drug |will |act |and |whether |the |
response |that |results |from |the |drug-receptor |interaction |is |beneficial |or |detrimental
Activation |of |opioid |receptors |in |the |brain |causes |____. |- |answersrelief
Activation |of |opioid |receptors |in |the |GI |tract |causes |______. |- |answersconstipation |(an |adverse |effect)
What |are |two |other |drug |targets? |- |answers- |chemical |reactions |(EX: |antacids |to |neutralize |stomach |
acid)
- |physical |chemical |forces |(EX: |chloestyramine |binds |bile |acids |to |prevent |production |of |cholesterol)
Agonist |- |answersdrugs |that |bind |to |and |stimulate |a |receptor
Antagonist |- |answersdrugs |that |bind |to |but |block |the |response |at |a |receptor
True |or |false? |drugs |can |modify |the |interaction |between |the |endogenous |ligands |and |their |receptors.
|- |answerstrue
Dose-response |relationship |- |answersThe |intensity |of |the |pharmacological |effects |produced |by |a |drug |
increases |in |proportion |to |the
dose
What |are |the |topical |routes |of |administration? |- |answersOn |the |skin, |through |the |skin |(transdermal), |
inhalation
, What |does |enteral |route |of |administration |refer |to? |- |answersAdministration |via |the |GI |tract, |either |
through |the |mouth |or |an |artificial |opening
What |is |the |first |pass |effect? |- |answersWhen |the |drug |is |first |delivered |to |the |liver, |which |contains |
enzymes |that |can |decrease |the |amount |of |active |drug |left |to |enter |the |general |circulation
What |is |parental |route |of |administration? |- |answersWhen |it |bypasses |the |GI |tract |by |being |injected |
into |the |body |and |enter |the |bloodstream |directly
What |are |three |parental |routes? |- |answersIntravenous, |intramuscular, |subcutaneous
Bioavailability |- |answersThe |fraction |of |an |administered |dose |that |reaches |the |systemic |circulation |in |
an |active |form
What |are |the |3 |methods |of |absorption? |- |answers1. |Diffusion |through |aqueous |pores
2. |Diffusion |through |lipids
3. |Active |transport
P450 |- |answersenzymes |capable |of |biotransforming |drugs
Phase |1 |of |biotransformation |reactions |- |answersTo |add |or |unmask |a |functional |group |on |the |drug |to
|prepare |it |for |the |addition |of |a |large |water-soluble |molecule |in |phase |2
Phase |2 |of |biotransformation |reactions |- |answersAdd |a |large |water-soluble |moiety |(glucaronic |acid |or
|sulfate) |to |the |phase |1 |product, |making |it |water-soluble |for |excretion |by |the |kidney
Where |are |the |majority |of |drugs |eliminated? |- |answersKidney
Adverse |drug |reaction |- |answersAny |effect |produced |by |a |drug |in |a |patient |that |is |not |the |intended |
effect
True |or |false? |A |drug |cannot |cause |effects |that |are |unrelated |to |the |intended |pharmacological |action |
of |the |drug. |- |answersFalse
What |mediates |an |allergic |reaction? |- |answersImmune |system
Teratogenesis |- |answersWhen |a |drug |produces |defects |in |a |developing |fetus
What |are |4 |factors |in |predicting |adverse |drug |reactions? |- |answers- |rarity |of |occurrence
- |length |of |usage
- |detectability |in |animals
- |time |period |specificity
What |is |the |therapeutic |index? |- |answersTells |you |how |safe |the |drug |is |by |relating |the |dose |of |the |
drug |required |to |produce |a |beneficial |effect |to |the |dose |required |to |produce |an |adverse |effect
True |or |false? |The |higher |the |therapeutic |index, |the |safer |the |drug. |- |answersTrue
TD50 |- |answersDose |of |the |drug |that |is |toxic |in |50% |of |the |population
