PHAR 100 – Module 3 University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Academic Year
2025-2026
low |doses |of |sedative-hypnotics |cause |- |answersanti-anxiety
medium-low |doses |of |sedative |hypnotics |cause |- |answersrelieve |anxiety, |decrease |activity, |moderate |
excitement, |calm
Medium-high |doses |of |sedative |hypnotics |- |answershypnosis |(sleep) |- |drowsiness, |aid |in |onset |and |
maintenance |of |sleep
High |dose |of |sedative |hypnotics |- |answersgeneral |anesthesia |- |unconscious, |absence |of |pain
How |do |depative-hypnotics |work? |- |answersBind |to |different |sites |than |GABA |on |the |chloride |
channel, |enhancing |the |inhibitory |effect |of |GABA
How |does |GABA |cause |inhibition? |- |answersBinds |to |chloride |channels |and |selectively |opens |them
Causes |hyperpolarization |of |the |postsynaptic |membrane, |making |it |harder |for |the |postsynaptic |
neurons |to |transmit |incoming |messages
Depresses |CNS |neuronal |signalling
Activation |of |the |benzodiazepine |receptor... |- |answersincreases |the |frequency |of |the |opening |of |the |
chloride |channel
What |is |the |most |common |drug |involved |in |overdose? |- |answersBenzodiazepines
but |they |have |a |wide |margin |of |safety |so |deaths |are |rare |- |need |a |very |large |dose, |rapid |injection, |or
|mixing |with |other |drugs
What |is |the |antidote |to |benzodiazepines? |- |answersFlumazenil
What |type |of |sleep |do |benzodiazepines |cause? |- |answersREM-type
Short |term |effects |of |benzodiazepines |- |answersCNS: |relaxation, |calmness, |reduced |anxiert, |
drowsiness, |fatigue, |impairment |of |thinking/memory
Lungs: |respiratory |depression |following |rapid |intravenous |administration
Motor |coordination: |moderate |doses |can |impair |motor |coordination |and |driving, |response |
exaggerated |as |dose |is |increased
Chronic |sedative-hypnotic |intoxication |- |answersimpaired |thinking, |poor |memory |and |judgement, |
disorientation, |incoordination, |slurred |speech
Benzodiazepines |and |pregnancy/breastfeeding |- |answersCan |cross |the |placenta
If |administered |in |the |first |trimester |results |in |a |small |but |significant |risk |for |fetal |abnormalities
, Are |secreted |into |breast |milk |which |can |lead |to |sedation |or |death |of |baby
Abuse |and |dependence |of |benzodiazepines |often |in |combination |with |- |answersalcohol |to |enhance |
depressant |effects
Abuse |liability |of |benzodiazepines |is... |- |answerslow |since |they |have |weak |reinforcing |properties
Inherent |harmfulness |of |benzodiazepines |is... |- |answerslow |(high |margin |of |safety)
Does |not |depress |respiration |at |therapeutic |doses
Often |does |not |lead |to |death |on |its |own
Tolerance |can |develop |to |what |3 |effects |of |benzodiazepines? |- |answersSedative |effects |and |
impairment |of |coordination |(most |common)
Anxiolytic |effects
Euphoric |effects
Why |is |there |a |high |degree |of |cross-tolerance |amount |the |sedative-hypnotics? |- |answersBecause |they
|all |modulate |the |chloride |channel |in |the |CNS
Risk |of |dependence |on |benzodiazepines |- |answerslow |for |short-term |use
Can |withdrawal |occur |after |therapeutic |use |of |benzodiazepines? |- |answersYes
anxiety, |headache, |insomnia, |tension, |difficulty |concentrating, |fatigue
Can |addiction |occur |with |benzodiazepines? |- |answersCan |develop |in |some |users
Zolpidem |- |answersBinds |to |a |subset |of |GABA |receptors |(agonist), |causing |sedation
Have |more |sedative |effects |than |anxiolytic |effects
Benefit |of |Zolpidem |over |benzodiazepines |- |answersDon't |disturb |REM |sleep |as |much
Basic |structure |of |all |barbiturates |- |answersBarbituric |acid
Activation |of |the |barbiturate |receptor |- |answersIncreases |the |duration |of |the |opening |of |the |chloride |
channel
How |are |barbiturates |classified? |- |answersLong |acting |(1-2h), |short |acting |(3-8h), |ultra |short |acting |
(20 |min)
What |are |the |uses |of |ultrashort |and |short-acting |barbituates? |- |answersInduce |anesthesia
Therapeutic |use |of |barbiturates |- |answersantiepileptics
Is |there |an |antidote |for |barbituate |overdose? |- |answersNo
Lethality |from |barbituates |is |common, |especially |when |combined |with |- |answersAlcohol
Therapeutic |index |of |barbiturates |- |answersLow
2025-2026
low |doses |of |sedative-hypnotics |cause |- |answersanti-anxiety
medium-low |doses |of |sedative |hypnotics |cause |- |answersrelieve |anxiety, |decrease |activity, |moderate |
excitement, |calm
Medium-high |doses |of |sedative |hypnotics |- |answershypnosis |(sleep) |- |drowsiness, |aid |in |onset |and |
maintenance |of |sleep
High |dose |of |sedative |hypnotics |- |answersgeneral |anesthesia |- |unconscious, |absence |of |pain
How |do |depative-hypnotics |work? |- |answersBind |to |different |sites |than |GABA |on |the |chloride |
channel, |enhancing |the |inhibitory |effect |of |GABA
How |does |GABA |cause |inhibition? |- |answersBinds |to |chloride |channels |and |selectively |opens |them
Causes |hyperpolarization |of |the |postsynaptic |membrane, |making |it |harder |for |the |postsynaptic |
neurons |to |transmit |incoming |messages
Depresses |CNS |neuronal |signalling
Activation |of |the |benzodiazepine |receptor... |- |answersincreases |the |frequency |of |the |opening |of |the |
chloride |channel
What |is |the |most |common |drug |involved |in |overdose? |- |answersBenzodiazepines
but |they |have |a |wide |margin |of |safety |so |deaths |are |rare |- |need |a |very |large |dose, |rapid |injection, |or
|mixing |with |other |drugs
What |is |the |antidote |to |benzodiazepines? |- |answersFlumazenil
What |type |of |sleep |do |benzodiazepines |cause? |- |answersREM-type
Short |term |effects |of |benzodiazepines |- |answersCNS: |relaxation, |calmness, |reduced |anxiert, |
drowsiness, |fatigue, |impairment |of |thinking/memory
Lungs: |respiratory |depression |following |rapid |intravenous |administration
Motor |coordination: |moderate |doses |can |impair |motor |coordination |and |driving, |response |
exaggerated |as |dose |is |increased
Chronic |sedative-hypnotic |intoxication |- |answersimpaired |thinking, |poor |memory |and |judgement, |
disorientation, |incoordination, |slurred |speech
Benzodiazepines |and |pregnancy/breastfeeding |- |answersCan |cross |the |placenta
If |administered |in |the |first |trimester |results |in |a |small |but |significant |risk |for |fetal |abnormalities
, Are |secreted |into |breast |milk |which |can |lead |to |sedation |or |death |of |baby
Abuse |and |dependence |of |benzodiazepines |often |in |combination |with |- |answersalcohol |to |enhance |
depressant |effects
Abuse |liability |of |benzodiazepines |is... |- |answerslow |since |they |have |weak |reinforcing |properties
Inherent |harmfulness |of |benzodiazepines |is... |- |answerslow |(high |margin |of |safety)
Does |not |depress |respiration |at |therapeutic |doses
Often |does |not |lead |to |death |on |its |own
Tolerance |can |develop |to |what |3 |effects |of |benzodiazepines? |- |answersSedative |effects |and |
impairment |of |coordination |(most |common)
Anxiolytic |effects
Euphoric |effects
Why |is |there |a |high |degree |of |cross-tolerance |amount |the |sedative-hypnotics? |- |answersBecause |they
|all |modulate |the |chloride |channel |in |the |CNS
Risk |of |dependence |on |benzodiazepines |- |answerslow |for |short-term |use
Can |withdrawal |occur |after |therapeutic |use |of |benzodiazepines? |- |answersYes
anxiety, |headache, |insomnia, |tension, |difficulty |concentrating, |fatigue
Can |addiction |occur |with |benzodiazepines? |- |answersCan |develop |in |some |users
Zolpidem |- |answersBinds |to |a |subset |of |GABA |receptors |(agonist), |causing |sedation
Have |more |sedative |effects |than |anxiolytic |effects
Benefit |of |Zolpidem |over |benzodiazepines |- |answersDon't |disturb |REM |sleep |as |much
Basic |structure |of |all |barbiturates |- |answersBarbituric |acid
Activation |of |the |barbiturate |receptor |- |answersIncreases |the |duration |of |the |opening |of |the |chloride |
channel
How |are |barbiturates |classified? |- |answersLong |acting |(1-2h), |short |acting |(3-8h), |ultra |short |acting |
(20 |min)
What |are |the |uses |of |ultrashort |and |short-acting |barbituates? |- |answersInduce |anesthesia
Therapeutic |use |of |barbiturates |- |answersantiepileptics
Is |there |an |antidote |for |barbituate |overdose? |- |answersNo
Lethality |from |barbituates |is |common, |especially |when |combined |with |- |answersAlcohol
Therapeutic |index |of |barbiturates |- |answersLow
