PHAR 100 – Module 1 Exam University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Academic
Year 2025-2026
drug |- |answersany |substance |received |by |a |biological |system |not |received |for |nutritive |purposes, |that
|influences |biological |health |of |an |organism
pharmacology |- |answersscience |of |drugs, |including |uses, |effects |and |modes |of |action
ancient |Greece |- |answerspupil |of |Aristotle |wrote |about |opium |from |opium |poppy, |isolated |morphine |
from |opium
ancient |Egypt |- |answersmedical |textbook |of |drug |use |written |in |1550 |B.C., |recommended |Senna |for |
purgative
ancient |China |- |answersearliest |record |of |drug |experiments, |emperor |grouped |drugs |by |taste
use |of |poision |- |answersuse |of |____ |resulted |in |discovery |of |drugs |used |today |and |helped |with |drug |
development
curare |- |answersindigenous |people |dipped |arrows |in |it, |paralyzed |muscles |and |caused |death, |new |
derivatives |used |by |anesthesiologists |to |relax |muscles |during |surgery
ergot |- |answerspoisonous |fungus |that |grows |on |rye, |causes |hallucinations, |constricted |blood |vessels, |
contractions |of |uterus
ergotamine |- |answerstreats |migraines, |constricts |vessels |that |carry |blood |to |head
ergonovine |- |answersno |longer |used |to |speed |labour, |used |to |stop |uterine |bleeding |after |childbirth
medicine |men |in |ancient |times |- |answersphysicians |and |priests, |therapy |influenced |by |religion |and |
magic
drug |discovery |- |answers25% |drugs |used |today |derived |from |plants, |active |substances |purified |and |
modified |to |be |more |effective |or |less |toxic
reserpine |and |chlorpromazine |- |answersextracts |of |rauwolfia |plant |to |reduce |tension, |anxiety |and |
blood |pressure, |in |1950's |_____ |was |isolated, |now |______ |preferred, |easier |to |find |proper |dosage, |
treatment |for |mental |illness |makes |anxious |people |calm
lysergic |acid |diethylamide |(LSD) |- |answersdiscovered |by |Albert |Hoffman, |synthesized |LSD |from |
components |of |ergot |in |1943, |discovery |of |psychedelic |effects |supported |that |potent |substances |in |
brain |can |cause |mental |illnesses
anaesthetics |- |answersnitrous |oxide: |chemist |was |demonstrating |laughing |gas, |dentist |noticed |pain |
relieving |effects
ether: |Faraday |pointed |out |similar |properties |to |ether, |used |as |anaesthesia |for |operations
, Paul |Ehrich |- |answersfather |of |chemotherapy, |discovered |that |organ |arsenicals |selectively |bound |to |
parasites, |cure |for |syphilis
Gerhard |Domagk |- |answersintroduced |first |sulfa |drug, |first |successful |synthetic |drugs |to |treat |
bacterial |disease
Alexander |Fleming |- |answersdiscovered |penicillin, |first |antibiotic, |introduced |during |second |world |war
|to |treat |gram-positive |bacterial |disease
Selman |Waksman |- |answersdiscovered |another |antibiotic |streptomycin, |treated |tuberculosis |and |
gram-negative |bacterial |disease
research |and |discovery |of |target |- |answers3-6 |years, |up |to |25000 |compounds |ex: |drug |to |lower |blood
|pressure, |effect |would |be |studied |and |safety/efficacy |tested
preclinical |studies |- |answersbefore |human |testing, |toxic |studies |determine |effect |of |drug |on |systems |
not |targeted, |pharmacology |studies |give |detailed |mechanism |of |action |of |drug, |how |it |gives |desired |
effect
clinical |trials: |initial |steps |- |answers1. |submit |proof |of |safety |to |government |regulatory |agency
2. |methodology |of |proposed |trial |required
3. |submission |evaluated, |permission |given |or |denied
phase |1 |clinical |trial |- |answers20-100 |people, |small |group |of |health |volunteers |to |evaluate |
absorption, |distribution, |elimination, |adverse |effects
phase |2 |clinical |trial |- |answers100-500 |people, |patients |with |disease, |determine |if |effective |in |treating
|disease |made |for, |special |attention |to |safety |of |drug
phase |3 |clinical |trial |- |answers1000-5000 |people, |more |people, |longer |time |period, |diverse |patients, |
determine |if |drug |is |safe |and |effective
health |canada |review |- |answersif |phase |3 |successful, |manufacturer |will |submit |a |drug |application |to |
regulator, |if |deemed |affective |and |toxicity |acceptable |will |be |approved
manufacturing |- |answersgeneric |vs. |brand |name |and |bioavailability |studies
generic |vs. |brand |name |- |answerschemical |names |too |complicated |so |generic |name |will |be |created |
and |company |will |apply |for |a |patent, |usually |get |20 |years
bioavailability |studies |- |answersstudies |compare |blood |levels |after |administration |of |both |generic |and |
brand |name |on |healthy |patients |to |ensure |bioequivalent
phase |4 |approval |- |answersrisks |that |are |delayed |or |less |than |1/1000 |may |be |missed |in |phase |3, |
effects |of |drug |monitored |after |release |for |general |use, |over |longer |time |and |on |different |groups |of |
people
target |population |- |answerscarefully |designed, |must |have |disease |drug |is |meant |to |treat
Year 2025-2026
drug |- |answersany |substance |received |by |a |biological |system |not |received |for |nutritive |purposes, |that
|influences |biological |health |of |an |organism
pharmacology |- |answersscience |of |drugs, |including |uses, |effects |and |modes |of |action
ancient |Greece |- |answerspupil |of |Aristotle |wrote |about |opium |from |opium |poppy, |isolated |morphine |
from |opium
ancient |Egypt |- |answersmedical |textbook |of |drug |use |written |in |1550 |B.C., |recommended |Senna |for |
purgative
ancient |China |- |answersearliest |record |of |drug |experiments, |emperor |grouped |drugs |by |taste
use |of |poision |- |answersuse |of |____ |resulted |in |discovery |of |drugs |used |today |and |helped |with |drug |
development
curare |- |answersindigenous |people |dipped |arrows |in |it, |paralyzed |muscles |and |caused |death, |new |
derivatives |used |by |anesthesiologists |to |relax |muscles |during |surgery
ergot |- |answerspoisonous |fungus |that |grows |on |rye, |causes |hallucinations, |constricted |blood |vessels, |
contractions |of |uterus
ergotamine |- |answerstreats |migraines, |constricts |vessels |that |carry |blood |to |head
ergonovine |- |answersno |longer |used |to |speed |labour, |used |to |stop |uterine |bleeding |after |childbirth
medicine |men |in |ancient |times |- |answersphysicians |and |priests, |therapy |influenced |by |religion |and |
magic
drug |discovery |- |answers25% |drugs |used |today |derived |from |plants, |active |substances |purified |and |
modified |to |be |more |effective |or |less |toxic
reserpine |and |chlorpromazine |- |answersextracts |of |rauwolfia |plant |to |reduce |tension, |anxiety |and |
blood |pressure, |in |1950's |_____ |was |isolated, |now |______ |preferred, |easier |to |find |proper |dosage, |
treatment |for |mental |illness |makes |anxious |people |calm
lysergic |acid |diethylamide |(LSD) |- |answersdiscovered |by |Albert |Hoffman, |synthesized |LSD |from |
components |of |ergot |in |1943, |discovery |of |psychedelic |effects |supported |that |potent |substances |in |
brain |can |cause |mental |illnesses
anaesthetics |- |answersnitrous |oxide: |chemist |was |demonstrating |laughing |gas, |dentist |noticed |pain |
relieving |effects
ether: |Faraday |pointed |out |similar |properties |to |ether, |used |as |anaesthesia |for |operations
, Paul |Ehrich |- |answersfather |of |chemotherapy, |discovered |that |organ |arsenicals |selectively |bound |to |
parasites, |cure |for |syphilis
Gerhard |Domagk |- |answersintroduced |first |sulfa |drug, |first |successful |synthetic |drugs |to |treat |
bacterial |disease
Alexander |Fleming |- |answersdiscovered |penicillin, |first |antibiotic, |introduced |during |second |world |war
|to |treat |gram-positive |bacterial |disease
Selman |Waksman |- |answersdiscovered |another |antibiotic |streptomycin, |treated |tuberculosis |and |
gram-negative |bacterial |disease
research |and |discovery |of |target |- |answers3-6 |years, |up |to |25000 |compounds |ex: |drug |to |lower |blood
|pressure, |effect |would |be |studied |and |safety/efficacy |tested
preclinical |studies |- |answersbefore |human |testing, |toxic |studies |determine |effect |of |drug |on |systems |
not |targeted, |pharmacology |studies |give |detailed |mechanism |of |action |of |drug, |how |it |gives |desired |
effect
clinical |trials: |initial |steps |- |answers1. |submit |proof |of |safety |to |government |regulatory |agency
2. |methodology |of |proposed |trial |required
3. |submission |evaluated, |permission |given |or |denied
phase |1 |clinical |trial |- |answers20-100 |people, |small |group |of |health |volunteers |to |evaluate |
absorption, |distribution, |elimination, |adverse |effects
phase |2 |clinical |trial |- |answers100-500 |people, |patients |with |disease, |determine |if |effective |in |treating
|disease |made |for, |special |attention |to |safety |of |drug
phase |3 |clinical |trial |- |answers1000-5000 |people, |more |people, |longer |time |period, |diverse |patients, |
determine |if |drug |is |safe |and |effective
health |canada |review |- |answersif |phase |3 |successful, |manufacturer |will |submit |a |drug |application |to |
regulator, |if |deemed |affective |and |toxicity |acceptable |will |be |approved
manufacturing |- |answersgeneric |vs. |brand |name |and |bioavailability |studies
generic |vs. |brand |name |- |answerschemical |names |too |complicated |so |generic |name |will |be |created |
and |company |will |apply |for |a |patent, |usually |get |20 |years
bioavailability |studies |- |answersstudies |compare |blood |levels |after |administration |of |both |generic |and |
brand |name |on |healthy |patients |to |ensure |bioequivalent
phase |4 |approval |- |answersrisks |that |are |delayed |or |less |than |1/1000 |may |be |missed |in |phase |3, |
effects |of |drug |monitored |after |release |for |general |use, |over |longer |time |and |on |different |groups |of |
people
target |population |- |answerscarefully |designed, |must |have |disease |drug |is |meant |to |treat
