UNIT 4: RESPIRATION
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (Ch. 7)
● The general equation for cellular respiration
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⇒ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
● The three main stages of cellular respiration and locations of these stages
- Glycolysis (cytoplasm) (anaerobic) ⇒ link reaction (inner matrix of mitochondria)
(anaerobic) ⇒ Krebs Cycle (mitochondrial matrix)(aerobic) ⇒ Electron Transport
Chain (mitochondriaal inner membrane)
● The general equation for each variation of fermentation
- Fermentation:
→ Lactic acid fermentation: glucose → glycolysis → 2 pyruvate → fermentation → 2
lactic acid
→ Lactic acid fermentation: glucose → glycolysis → 2 pyruvate → fermentation → 2
ethanol
● The start and end products of glycolysis
Glucose is broken down to produce energy
Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H2O + 2H+
- Glycolysis can split into: aerobic and anaerobic processes
- Aerobic: glycolysis → link reaction → kreb’s cycle → ETC
- Anaerobic: glycolysis → fermentation (alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation)
➔ Glucose (C6H12O6) → (2ATP ⇒ 2ADP) → PGAL x2 → (2 NAD+ + 2H+ + 2PI ⇒ 2NADH) → 1,3 BPG
x2 → (4ADP ⇒ 4ATP) → 2 Pyruvate
➔ Link reaction: pyruvate is actively transported into inner matrix of mitochondria
(pyruvate is oxidized) → CO2 is released → (NAD+ ⇒ NADH produced) → Coenzyme A is
added → Acetyl CoA
- 1 pyruvate ⇒ 1 Acetyle CoA, 2 pyruvates ⇒ 2 Acetyle CoA
● The start and end products of the Krebs cycle aka Citric Acid cycle
1. Acetyl CoA from the pyruvate (glycolysis)
2. Six carbon molecule from acetyl CoA (2 from acetyl CoA and 4 from four carbon
acceptor in #9)
3. NAD+ changes into NADH + CO2 (1 carbon is lost as CO2)
4. Five carbon molecule from acetyl CoA
5. NAD+ changes into NADH + CO2 (another carbon is lost as CO2)
6. Four carbon molecule from acetyl CoA
7. GDP → GTP (energy carrying molecule equivalent to ATP)
8. FAD → FADH2 ( reduced electron carrier similar to NADH2)
9. Four carbon acceptor molecule ( regenerated in each cycle)
- 1 turn of citric acid cycle = 2 CO2 molecules, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
- Four carbon acceptor combines with acetyl CoA and restarts the cycle
- Krebs Cycle: 2 Acetyl CoA ⇒ Coenzyme A → Citrate → (NAD+ ⇒ NADH) -> (CO2 is
produced) → a Ketoglutarate → (NAD+ ⇒ NADH) (ADP + PI ⇒ ATP) → ( CO2 is produced) →
Succinate → (FAD ⇒ FADH2) (NAD+ ⇒ NADH) → Oxaloavetate
- in total (2 turns): 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2
● The start and end products of the electron transport chain
1. Electrons in protein complex I change NADH ⇒ NAD+
2. H+ ion is powered through membrane into intermembrane space from the matrix
(active transport)
3. Electrons move into other protein complex II, changes FADH2 into FAD
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation (Ch. 7)
● The general equation for cellular respiration
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⇒ 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
● The three main stages of cellular respiration and locations of these stages
- Glycolysis (cytoplasm) (anaerobic) ⇒ link reaction (inner matrix of mitochondria)
(anaerobic) ⇒ Krebs Cycle (mitochondrial matrix)(aerobic) ⇒ Electron Transport
Chain (mitochondriaal inner membrane)
● The general equation for each variation of fermentation
- Fermentation:
→ Lactic acid fermentation: glucose → glycolysis → 2 pyruvate → fermentation → 2
lactic acid
→ Lactic acid fermentation: glucose → glycolysis → 2 pyruvate → fermentation → 2
ethanol
● The start and end products of glycolysis
Glucose is broken down to produce energy
Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi → 2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2ATP + 2H2O + 2H+
- Glycolysis can split into: aerobic and anaerobic processes
- Aerobic: glycolysis → link reaction → kreb’s cycle → ETC
- Anaerobic: glycolysis → fermentation (alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation)
➔ Glucose (C6H12O6) → (2ATP ⇒ 2ADP) → PGAL x2 → (2 NAD+ + 2H+ + 2PI ⇒ 2NADH) → 1,3 BPG
x2 → (4ADP ⇒ 4ATP) → 2 Pyruvate
➔ Link reaction: pyruvate is actively transported into inner matrix of mitochondria
(pyruvate is oxidized) → CO2 is released → (NAD+ ⇒ NADH produced) → Coenzyme A is
added → Acetyl CoA
- 1 pyruvate ⇒ 1 Acetyle CoA, 2 pyruvates ⇒ 2 Acetyle CoA
● The start and end products of the Krebs cycle aka Citric Acid cycle
1. Acetyl CoA from the pyruvate (glycolysis)
2. Six carbon molecule from acetyl CoA (2 from acetyl CoA and 4 from four carbon
acceptor in #9)
3. NAD+ changes into NADH + CO2 (1 carbon is lost as CO2)
4. Five carbon molecule from acetyl CoA
5. NAD+ changes into NADH + CO2 (another carbon is lost as CO2)
6. Four carbon molecule from acetyl CoA
7. GDP → GTP (energy carrying molecule equivalent to ATP)
8. FAD → FADH2 ( reduced electron carrier similar to NADH2)
9. Four carbon acceptor molecule ( regenerated in each cycle)
- 1 turn of citric acid cycle = 2 CO2 molecules, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
- Four carbon acceptor combines with acetyl CoA and restarts the cycle
- Krebs Cycle: 2 Acetyl CoA ⇒ Coenzyme A → Citrate → (NAD+ ⇒ NADH) -> (CO2 is
produced) → a Ketoglutarate → (NAD+ ⇒ NADH) (ADP + PI ⇒ ATP) → ( CO2 is produced) →
Succinate → (FAD ⇒ FADH2) (NAD+ ⇒ NADH) → Oxaloavetate
- in total (2 turns): 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2
● The start and end products of the electron transport chain
1. Electrons in protein complex I change NADH ⇒ NAD+
2. H+ ion is powered through membrane into intermembrane space from the matrix
(active transport)
3. Electrons move into other protein complex II, changes FADH2 into FAD
