GMS 6440 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
levels of organization - Answers - -molecule
-macromolecule
-organelle
-cell
-tissue
-organ
-organ system
-organism
molecule - Answers - water , glucose
macromolecule - Answers - protein, DNA
organelle - Answers - mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus
cell - Answers - muscle cell, nerve cell
tissue - Answers - simple, squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
organ - Answers - skin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach
organ system - Answers - skeletal , digestive
organism - Answers - human
anatomy - Answers - study of structure
Greek for "a cutting up"
physiology - Answers - study of function
Greek for "relationship to nature"
structure - Answers - ALWAYS RELATED TO FUNCTION
characteristics of life - Answers - -respiration
-digestion
-absorption
-assimilation
-circulation
-excretion
respiration - Answers - obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy
from foods
,digestion - Answers - breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
absorption - Answers - passage of substances through membranes and into body
fluids
assimilation - Answers - changing of absorbed substances into chemically different
forms
circulation - Answers - movement of substances in body fluids
excretion - Answers - removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
homeostasis - Answers - foundation of all physiology
"staying the same"
-when body does not function within normal range, organ system malfunctions resulting
in disease
skeletal system - Answers - Major organs: bones, cartilage, bone marrow
Functions:
-provide support and protection for other tissues
-stores calcium and other minerals
-forms blood cells
organization of skeletal muscle - Answers - bone and tendon
muscular system - Answers - major organs: skeletal muscles and associated tendons
functions:
-provides movement
-provides protection and supports for other tissues
-generates heat that maintains body temperature
walking - Answers - 12 leg muscles necessary, voluntary movement person can
control
controlled by:
-brain
-motor neurons
-neuromuscular junctions
muscle types - Answers - skeletal
cardiac
smooth
skeletal muscle - Answers - contractile proteins form an alternating pattern of light and
dark bands (striations)
, cardiac muscle - Answers - rich with capillaries, connective tissue supplies blood to the
elongated muscle cells
smooth muscle - Answers - spindle shaped cells containing a dark nucleus are
grouped in irregular bundles
digestive system major organs - Answers - -teeth, tongue, pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-liver
-gall bladder
-pancreas
digestive system function - Answers - -processes and digests food
-absorbs and conserves water and breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and
fats
-stores energy reserves
-generates heat that maintains body temperature
esophagus - Answers - extensive organ, folded at rest
contains mucosa, connective tissues, mucous glands, and smooth muscle
stomach - Answers - contains secretion of gastric juice
has mucous, digestive enzyme, HCl
secretion of intestinal juices - Answers - 6.5-8L of daily colume
water loss in feces= 100ml a day
small intestine - Answers - contains microvilli and villi in inner layer
intestine - Answers - rich in blood vessels
cardiovascular system - Answers - Major organs: heart, blood, blood vessels
Functions:
-distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste
products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
-distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
blood flow - Answers - (deoxygenated) right atrium--> right ventricle--> pulmonary
artery (oxygenated)-->lung-->left atrium-->left ventricle
levels of organization - Answers - -molecule
-macromolecule
-organelle
-cell
-tissue
-organ
-organ system
-organism
molecule - Answers - water , glucose
macromolecule - Answers - protein, DNA
organelle - Answers - mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus
cell - Answers - muscle cell, nerve cell
tissue - Answers - simple, squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
organ - Answers - skin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach
organ system - Answers - skeletal , digestive
organism - Answers - human
anatomy - Answers - study of structure
Greek for "a cutting up"
physiology - Answers - study of function
Greek for "relationship to nature"
structure - Answers - ALWAYS RELATED TO FUNCTION
characteristics of life - Answers - -respiration
-digestion
-absorption
-assimilation
-circulation
-excretion
respiration - Answers - obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy
from foods
,digestion - Answers - breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
absorption - Answers - passage of substances through membranes and into body
fluids
assimilation - Answers - changing of absorbed substances into chemically different
forms
circulation - Answers - movement of substances in body fluids
excretion - Answers - removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
homeostasis - Answers - foundation of all physiology
"staying the same"
-when body does not function within normal range, organ system malfunctions resulting
in disease
skeletal system - Answers - Major organs: bones, cartilage, bone marrow
Functions:
-provide support and protection for other tissues
-stores calcium and other minerals
-forms blood cells
organization of skeletal muscle - Answers - bone and tendon
muscular system - Answers - major organs: skeletal muscles and associated tendons
functions:
-provides movement
-provides protection and supports for other tissues
-generates heat that maintains body temperature
walking - Answers - 12 leg muscles necessary, voluntary movement person can
control
controlled by:
-brain
-motor neurons
-neuromuscular junctions
muscle types - Answers - skeletal
cardiac
smooth
skeletal muscle - Answers - contractile proteins form an alternating pattern of light and
dark bands (striations)
, cardiac muscle - Answers - rich with capillaries, connective tissue supplies blood to the
elongated muscle cells
smooth muscle - Answers - spindle shaped cells containing a dark nucleus are
grouped in irregular bundles
digestive system major organs - Answers - -teeth, tongue, pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-liver
-gall bladder
-pancreas
digestive system function - Answers - -processes and digests food
-absorbs and conserves water and breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and
fats
-stores energy reserves
-generates heat that maintains body temperature
esophagus - Answers - extensive organ, folded at rest
contains mucosa, connective tissues, mucous glands, and smooth muscle
stomach - Answers - contains secretion of gastric juice
has mucous, digestive enzyme, HCl
secretion of intestinal juices - Answers - 6.5-8L of daily colume
water loss in feces= 100ml a day
small intestine - Answers - contains microvilli and villi in inner layer
intestine - Answers - rich in blood vessels
cardiovascular system - Answers - Major organs: heart, blood, blood vessels
Functions:
-distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste
products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
-distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature
blood flow - Answers - (deoxygenated) right atrium--> right ventricle--> pulmonary
artery (oxygenated)-->lung-->left atrium-->left ventricle
